Cognitive Approach

Question 1

Sensory Memory

Answer 1

5 stores for each one of our senses
capacity is very high

Question 2

STM

Answer 2

Lasts up to 30 seconds
5-9 items
Encoding is mainly aucostic

Question 3

LTM

Answer 3

Lasts up to a lifetime
Unlimited capacity
Encoding mainly semantic

Question 4

What is remembering?

Answer 4

Recall and recognition

Question 5

Free recall

Answer 5

Retrieve it from a memory store without any assistance

Question 6

Cued Recall

Answer 6

Shows we have more in our memory than we can usually access. We assume we have forgotten it until the cue appears

Question 7

Recognition

Answer 7

Demonstrates that we store more in our LTM than we can usually retrieve

Question 8

Reconstructive Memory

Answer 8

Suggests that in the absence of all information we fill in the gaps to make more sense

Question 9

Schema

Answer 9

using our previous knowledge and experience of a situation to complete the memory

Question 10

Confabulation

Answer 10

Use schemas to fill in gaps of memory without intentionally trying to deceive

Question 11

Rationalisation

Answer 11

Add details to a story so they fit in with our schema

Question 12

Shortening

Answer 12

Leaving out information that doesnt fit in with our schema

Question 13

Encoding

Answer 13

Visual (picture)
Acoustic (sound)
Semantic (meaning)

Question 14

What is cognitive priming?

Answer 14

Priming is a phenomenon that is influential in everyday life but we are usually unaware of it

Question 15

Cognitive Scripts

Answer 15

Used to describe what we have learned e.g. how to behave in a restaurant.

• Learned through experience

Question 16

Repetition Priming

Answer 16

The impact that previous exposure to an event has on later test performance

Question 17

Semantic Priming

Answer 17

When two stimuli mean the same thing or have similar features

Question 18

Associative Reasoning

Answer 18

The prime and the later stimulus are related but not necessarily semantically

e.g. fish and chips are often paired

Question 19

Cognitive bias

Answer 19

Error in how we process information

Gets in the way of logical thinking

Question 19

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

Answer 19

E.g. situations where you hold the victim responsible for their pain and suffering

Question 20

Hostile Attribution bias

Answer 20

Helps us understand why some people are aggressive

Question 21

Confirmation Bias

Answer 21

Helps explain why some behaviour can be “tribal” e.g. sport, politics

Only seek behaviour that supports our current preferences

Question 22

Key assumptions

Answer 22

Behaviour is a product of information processing

The brain can be compared to a computer

Question 23

Miller (1956)

Answer 23

Magic number 7+/-2