Cognitive and Language Development - Exam #1 Flashcards
What are the 3 different ways that we develop?
Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional
Define Development
The pattern of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes that begins at conception and continues through the life span.
What are biological processes?
Things to do with the body like weight, hormones, motor skills, brain development
What are cognitive processes?
Things that have to do with the “mind” like intelligence, language acquisition, and changes in thinking
What are Socioemotional processes?
Relationships with others and changes in emotions/personality
What time frame is the infancy period of development?
Birth- about 2 years
What time frame is the early childhood period of development? What grade is this?
About 2 years to 5 years (pre-k)
What time frame is the middle to late childhood period of development? What schooling is this?
About 6 years to 11 years (elementary school)
What time frame is the adolescence period of development?
Age 10/12 to about 18/21
What does development have to do with psychology?
Making sure that you’re teaching within a level that isn’t too hard and stressful, but not too easy or boring
What is splintered development?
When someone’s development is uneven across domains (strong in math, poor in writing)
What was a main thought for Paiget?
That children learned through experience and would learn once developmentally ready through maturation and age
What years is the sensorimotor stage at?
0-2
What are the limitations of the preoperational stage?
Egocentrism, animism, centration, and reversibility
What do people gain in the preoperational stage?
They gain symbolic thought (the ability to mentally represent an object that’s not there)
What is the kind of thought in the preoperational stage?
Intuitive thought
What is centration?
Focusing on one characteristic at the exclusion of others
What is an example of centration?
The water in the taller glass, they’re too focused on the fact that the taller glass’s water is taller, so they say that there’s more water in that one
What is conservation?
The idea that some characteristics of an object stay the same even when the object might change in appearance
What is an example of a lack of conservation and what stage does this happen?
The water in a tall glass experiment; preoperational
When are the concrete operations?
8-12
What’s so important about the concrete operations stage?
They resolve their centration by their knowledge of conservation
What kind of thought is in the concrete operational stage?
Logical reasoning
What is a limitation in the concrete operational stage?
They can think logically, but they can only do so in concrete scenarios (like in transitivity)
What is transitivity and what stage of development does it belong to?
It’s the A>B thing; the ability to combine relationships to understand certain conclusions
What do children gain in the Formal Operational Stage?
Abstract Thinking! Also Hypothetical-deductive reasoning and Metacognition!
What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning and what stage of developement is this?
The ability to develop hypotheses about ways to solve problems and systematically reach a conclusion (not having to try each possible way out)
What is a limitation of the Formal Operational Stage?
Adolescent egocentrism, imaginary audience, and the personal fable
What kind of thinking is metacognition?
Abstract thinking!
What is adolescent relativism?
The ability to see things as relative rather than absolute( Everything may seem uncertain, no knowledge is completely reliable, etc…)
What does Vygotsky’s social constructivist approach emphasize?
The Social context of learning and construction of knowledge through social interaction; collaboration, social interaction, sociocultural activity
What are the down-sides of Vygotsky’s Social constructivist approach?
He doesn’t focus enough on age-related changes, overemphasized the role of language in thinking, and his emphasis on collaboration and guidance may have pitfalls
What is phonology?
Sound system of a language
What is Morphology?
Units of meaning involved in word formation
What is syntax?
Rules for combining words into phrases/sentences
What is Semantics?
Meaning of words and sentences
What is Pragmatics?
Appropriate use of language in different contexts
When do infants stop babbling and speak their first word?
10-13 months
When do they start to speak more words? Like their second?
18-24 months (around and before 2 years)
What is a draw-back in early childhood language?
They overgeneralize rules (morphology)
What is a cool skill and ability in early childhood language?
A 6 year old knows 8,000 to 14,000 words!! (Semantics) And they know to talk to different people in different ways (Pragmatics)
