Cognitive Affective Bases of Behavior (13%) Flashcards by Jessica Reno

The "needs" of both Murray and Maslow can be considered similar to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from operant conditioning theory.
A. "Oughts"
B. Latent conditioners
C. Reinforcers
D. Latent punishers

C. Reinforcers

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To produce the fastest rates of response one would employ a/an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ schedule of reinforcement
A. CRF
B. VI
C. Ratio
D. Interval

C. Ratio

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Attentional load theory posits
A. The unity of our actions places limits on attentional resources
B. The degree to which an ignored stimulus is processed depends on the extent of processing required by the attended stimulus
C. Selective attention facilitates inhibition of return
D. There is a general limit to the extent of attentional resources

B. The degree to which an ignored stimulus is processed depends on the extent of processing required by the attended stimulus

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Paul Ekman is best known for the
A. Circumplex model of emotion
B. Dimensional emotion model
C. Basic emotion model
D. Cognitive appraisal model

C. Basic emotion model

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On average, men perform better than women on all of the following tasks with the exception of
A. Simultaneous processing
B. Mental rotation
C. Target-directed motor skills
D. Mathematical problem solving

A. Simultaneous processing

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A negative reinforcer is found in \_\_\_\_\_ and causes response rates to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A. Operant conditioning; increase
B. Classical conditioning; increase
C. Operant conditioning; decrease
D. Classical conditioning; decrease

A. Operant conditioning; increase

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In cognitive dissonance theory, individuals will change their \_\_\_\_\_ to match their \_\_\_\_\_\_
A. Behavior; belief
B. Cognition; emotion
C. Belief; motivation
D. Belief; behavior

D. Belief; behavior

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Which of the following statements regarding Signal Detection Theory (SDT) is true?
A. SDT deals with the fact that when confronted with the same stimulus two people usually see the same thing.
B. Discriminability (d’) is a mathematical function of signal strength and background noise.
C. Response bias is a function of the diurnal variation phase of the respondent.
D. Acuity is to response bias as willingness to report is to discriminability

B. Discriminability (d’) is a mathematical function of signal strength and background noise.

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HM was a man who had lost his ability to form new memories. Damage to which structure in his brain was mainly responsible for the condition?
A. Hippocampus
B. Frontal cortex
C. Hypothalamus
D. Thalamus

A. Hippocampus

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The flaw in Anderson’s ACT theory was that some considered it
A. Only applicable to a motor system
B. Untestable and thus, of uncertain scientific value
C. Lacking in definition for its elements
D. Overly complex in explaining the operation of cognition

B. Untestable and thus, of uncertain scientific value

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Which of the following is not part of David Wechsler’s definition of intelligence?
A. Capacity to act purposefully
B. Capacity to think rationally
C. Capacity to acquire information through acculturation
D. Capacity to deal effectively with the environment

C. Capacity to acquire information through acculturation

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The procedure using the anticipation method of Ebbinghaus showed that \_\_\_\_ trials were more efficient than \_\_\_\_\_ trials.
A. Spaced; massed
B. Recency; primacy
C. Massed; spaced
D. Operant; classical

A. Spaced; massed

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The procedure using the anticipation method of Ebbinghaus showed that \_\_\_\_ trials were more efficient than \_\_\_\_\_ trials.
A. Spaced; massed
B. Recency; primacy
C. Massed; spaced
D. Operant; classical

A. Spaced; massed

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Which level of processing takes the longest to work?
A. Comprehension
B. Focal Attention
C. Elaboration
D. Presensory

D. Presensory

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All of the following terms are related to selective attention with the exception of:
A. The cocktail party phenomenon
B. Attentional blindness
C. Wakefulness
D. Reduction of distractor interference

C. Wakefulness

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Which of the following is the only true statement applying to the field of intelligence?
A. A. R. Luria’s 3-level theory of neuropsychological function is unrelated to intelligence test development
B. Spearman was a primary mental ability theorist
C. Cattell made a major contribution by identifying fluid and crystallized forms of intelligence
D. Structural research is to longitudinal studies as developmental research is to factor analysis

C. Cattell made a major contribution by identifying fluid and crystallized forms of intelligence

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Which theory has been postulated to explain depression as a function of inescapable pain?
A. Somatic marker hypothesis
B. Learned helplessness
C. Cognitive dissonance
D. Expectancy theory

B. Learned helplessness

For the fastest learning rates one would employ a/an \_\_\_\_ schedule of reinforcement.
A. FR
B. VI
C. DRH
D. CRF

D. CRF

The assignment of a term paper with a known due date employs a \_\_\_\_ schedule of reinforcement
A. VI
B. FI
C. FR
D. VR

B. FI

Clark Hull considered drive reduction to be
A. Excitatory
B. Punishing
C. Reinforcing
D. Unnecessary

C. Reinforcing

Identify the one statement regarding intelligence tests that is not true:
A. Composite intelligence scores correlate around 0.70 to 0.80 with academic achievement
B. Abbreviated tests of intelligence have not been developed due to validity concerns.
C. Cattel-Horn-Carrol (CHC) theory is the theoretical basis for many intelligence tests.
D. Split-half reliability for composite intelligence test scores tends to be above 0.90

B. Abbreviated tests of intelligence have not been developed due to validity concerns.

Which of the following statements regarding bias in intelligence testing is false?
A. Cross-cultural psychologists discourage use of ethnic group measurement norms
B. Socioeconomic status accounts for some of the ethnic influences found on intelligence testing
C. Stereotype threat can influence test performance
D. Increasingly, cross-cultural psychologists view ethnic differences on intelligence tests as a proxy for the effects of quality of education and acculturation

A. Cross-cultural psychologists discourage use of ethnic group measurement norms

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a component of motivation?
A. Arousal
B. Valence
C. Direction
D. Intensity

B. Valence

A small bit of meat powder in the dog's mouth was Pavlov's \_\_\_\_\_\_
A. US
B. CS
C. UR
D. CR

A. US

``` Identify the only construct that is not pertinent to developmental models on intelligence A. Investment theory B. The positive manifold C. G theory D. Primary mental ability theory ```

A. Investment theory

``` B. F. Skinner argued that ____ free will A. Contrary to belief, no one has B. Everyone stats out life with C. We will never know who has D. One has to attain a state of ```

A. Contrary to belief, no one has

``` The interpretation of emotional experience through cognitive processes is known as: A. Cognitive appraisal B. Cognitive dissonance C. Cognitive assessment D. Emotional decision making ```

A. Cognitive appraisal

``` Which of the following is NOT a component of Weiner's attributional style theory? A. Globality/specificity B. Internality/externality C. Equity/inequity D. Stability/instability ```

C. Equity/inequity

``` Achievement, affiliation, and authority are components of which theory of motivation? A. Self-determination theory B. Need for Achievement theory C. Expectancy theory D. Attributional theory ```

B. Need for Achievement theory

``` Research into ____ has helped us understand paradoxical reward. A. Frustration B. Conditioning C. Attachment D. Homeostasis ```

A. Frustration

Which of the following statements regarding perceptual processes is false? A. Elaboration occurs in short-term sensory stores B. Perceptual processing is conducted in hierarchical, functionally segregated, and parallel units C. Feature binding occurs at later stages of perceptual processing. D. A functionally segregated unit has access to the contents of another unit.

A. Elaboration occurs in short-term sensory stores

Which of the following statements regarding executive functions (EFs) is false? A. EFs are measured in some intelligence tests B. The constructs of working memory and EF are closely related C. Hot and cold EFs have been described D. EF is not related to emotional distress

D. EF is not related to emotional distress

``` This theory of emotion postulates that physiological sensations are the primary element of emotional experience A. Circumplex model B. Cannon-Bard theory C. James-Lange theory D. Two-factor model ```

C. James-Lange theory

``` All of the following brain regions are considered part of the limbic system except A. Mammillary bodies B. Septal nuclei C. Fornix D. Hippocampus ```

C. Fornix

``` According to LeDoux, this brain region is the primary center of fear-related processing A. Hippocampus B. VMPFC C. Cingulate gyrus D. Amygdala ```

D. Amygdala

``` Of these the only one not identified as a protective factor against the deleterious effects of aging on cognition is A. Physical exercise B. Control beliefs C. Social support D. Agreeableness ```

D. Agreeableness

``` The most automatic of the proposed memory systems is A. Episodic memory B. Semantic memory C. Declarative memory D. Explicit memory ```

A. Episodic memory

``` Somatic marker hypothesis postulates that this brain region is important to efficient emotional decision making A. hippocampus B. VMPFC C. Orbitofrontal cortex D. Amygdala ```

B. VMPFC

``` Tolman had rats live in a maze where no food was ever introduced in order to demonstrate A. The primacy effect B. Learning in spaced trials C. Latent motivation D. Learning without reward ```

D. Learning without reward

``` "Working memory" is a newer term for A. Sensory memory B. Short-term memory C. Long-term memory D. None of these ```

B. Short-term memory