Cognitive

Question 1

Schema theory

Answer 1

Human beings organize information about the world by creating mental representations known as cognitive schemas

Question 2

Schemas

Answer 2

Mental representation of knowledge, beliefs and expectations about the world
Long lasting
Deeply rooted
Difficult to change
Derived from previous experience

Question 3

Thinking

Answer 3

Process of modifying and producing new information

Question 4

Decision making

Answer 4

Selecting one of the possible beliefs or actions, making a choice between alternatives

Question 5

Dual processing model

Answer 5

People use two systems when processing information and making decisions

Question 6

System 1

Answer 6

Predominant
inuitive
Automatic

Question 7

System 2

Answer 7

Rational
Controlled
Reliable

Question 8

Heuristics

Answer 8

Are mental shortcuts taken by system 1 to help us make a decision
They save us mental energy, but they can lead to bias (cognitive distortions)

Question 9

Availability heuristics

Answer 9

When people judge the likelyhood of an event based on how easily an example or event comes to mind

Question 10

Anchoring effect

Answer 10

When values presented at the beginning (anchors) influence posterior judgements

Question 11

Framing effect

Answer 11

When decisions are influenced by the way a problem is formulated

Question 12

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 12

When people estimate the likelyhood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype

Question 13

Confirmation bias

Answer 13

The tendency to focus on, remember and believe information consistent with existing beliefs

Question 14

Memory

Answer 14

Is a cognitive process used to encode, store and retrive information

Question 15

Encoding

Answer 15

Information is perceived and converted to brain signals

Question 16

Storage

Answer 16

Encoded information is retained in the brain’s memory stores

Question 17

Retreival

Answer 17

Stored information is remembered and used

Question 18

Sensory store

Answer 18

Perceives and hold information from the senses
Large capacity
Lasts 0.5-3s

Question 19

Short term memory

Answer 19

stores memories for a short time, to be used imediatly

Question 20

Long term memory

Answer 20

Stores stable, enduring memories
Episodic
Procedural
Semantic
Unlimited capacity and duration

Question 21

Working memory model

Answer 21

How we hold and manipulate information from the short term memory store to carry out taks

Question 22

Components of the working memory model

Answer 22

Central executive
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer

Question 23

Central executive

Answer 23

Controls attention, during your focuse on different tasks

Question 24

Phonological loop

Answer 24

Phonological store: stores auditory information
Articulatory loop: used when mentally repeating information to yourself, or when transforming stimuli into sound

Question 25

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 25

Visualization of mental images

Question 26

Episodic Buffer

Answer 26

Integrates information from the other components and links it to the long term memory structures

Question 27

Dual task technique

Answer 27

Evaluating the performance of two memory operations simultaneously

Question 28

Reconstructive memory

Answer 28

Memory is an active process that involves the reconstruction of information

Question 29

Emotions

Answer 29

Psychological states that emerge as reactions to internal or external stimulus and involve a subjective experience, a psychological response, and a behavioral response

Question 30

Flashbulb memories

Answer 30

Are vivid memories of circumstances surrounding a surprising and emotionally arousing event

Question 31

Anxiety

Answer 31

Is the fear of an expected of actual threat and uncertainty about one’s ability to cope