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Ap Psych > Cognitive > Flashcards

Cognitive Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

Learning that has persisted over time through storage and retrieval

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2
Q

Ebblinghaus Forgetting Curve

A

How our memory retention withstands over time

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3
Q

Parallel processing

A

Processing many aspects at once

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4
Q

Serial processing

A

Step by step processing, like a computer

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5
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental info

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6
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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7
Q

Visual Encoding

A

Memorizing visual images

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8
Q

Acoustic Encoding

A

Memorizing sounds

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9
Q

Semantics

A

Remembering meaning of words

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10
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memory concerning facts and events

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11
Q

Implicit memory

A

Memory completed without awareness

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12
Q

Procedural memory

A

Style of implicit memory which aids the performance of specific tasks… like riding a bike

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13
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Sensory memory of a visual stimuli

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14
Q

Memory AIDS

A

Self explanatory

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15
Q

Encoding

A

The processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning.

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16
Q

Storage

A

The retention of encoding information over time

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17
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of getting information out of memory storage

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18
Q

Sensory Memory

A

The immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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19
Q

Short term memory

A

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the memory is stored or forgotton

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20
Q

Long-term memory

A

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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21
Q

Working memory

A

the part of short-term memory that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing.

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22
Q

Parallel Processing

A

is the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality. Parallel processing is associated with the visual system in that the brain divides what it sees into four components: color, motion, shape, and depth.

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23
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information. Such as space time and frequency as well as well-learned information like word meaning

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24
Q

Effortful Processimg

A

Active processing of information that requires sustained effort.

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25
Q

Rehearsal

A

cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a possible way of learning and remembering it

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26
Q

Spacing Effect

A

the finding that long-term memory is enhanced when learning events are spaced apart in time, rather than massed in immediate succession

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27
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

Our tendency to recall best the last and first terms in a list

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28
Q

Visual Encoding

A

The encoding of picture images

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29
Q

Acoustic Encoding

A

The encoding of sounds, especially the sound of words

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30
Q

Semantic Encoding

A

The encoding of meaning including the meaning of words

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31
Q

Imagery

A

representations and the accompanying experience of sensory information without a direct external stimulus

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32
Q

Mnemonics

A

any device or technique used to assist memory, usually by forging a link or association between the new information to be remembered and information previously encoded

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33
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

34
Q

Iconic Memory

A

the brief retention of an image of a visual stimulus beyond cessation of the stimulus.
Photographic memory.

35
Q

Echoic Memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 of 4 sentences.

36
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP)

A

a process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

37
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

38
Q

Amnesia

A

The loss of memory

39
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Retention independent of conscious recollection.

40
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

41
Q

Hippocampus

A

A neural center that is located in the limpid system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

42
Q

Cerebellum

A

The cerebellum plays an important part in our forming and storing of implicit memories

43
Q

Recall

A

A measure of memory I’m which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

44
Q

Recognition

A

A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as multiple choice tests.

45
Q

Relearning

A

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

46
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

47
Q

Deja Vu

A

That eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before” cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

48
Q

Mood congruent memory

A

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

49
Q

Proactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

50
Q

Reactive interference

A

The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

51
Q

Repression

A

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts feelings and memories

52
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

53
Q

Source Amnesia

A

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about., or imagined. Also called misattribution. Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

54
Q

Cognition

A

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating.

55
Q

Concept

A

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

56
Q

Prototype

A

A mental image or best example of a category

57
Q

Algorithm

A

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the; usually speedier - but usually error prone- use of heuristics.

58
Q

Heuristic

A

A simple thinking strategy that often allows are judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms.

59
Q

Insight

A

A sudden and often Novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

60
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

61
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

62
Q

Fixation

A

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.

63
Q

Mental set

A

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

64
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

65
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

66
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.

67
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct-to over estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements.

68
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

69
Q

Intuition

A

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, and conscious reasoning.

70
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.

71
Q

Language

A

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning p.

72
Q

Phoneme.

A

In language the smallest distinctive sound unit

73
Q

Morpheme

A

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as prefix).

74
Q

Grammar

A

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with, and understand others

75
Q

Semantics

A

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and the sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.

76
Q

Syntax

A

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

77
Q

Babbling Stage

A

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

78
Q

One word stage

A

The stage in speech development, from about age 1-2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

79
Q

Two-word stage

A

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements.

80
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- “go car” using mostly nouns and verbs.

81
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

Ap Psych (6 decks)

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