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Neuroanatomy > Cognition and emotion > Flashcards

Cognition and emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of cortical association areas?

A
  1. Secondary sensory areas: Allows information from one sensory modality to be analysed togehter
  2. Higher association areas: Allows information from different sensory modalities to be analysed together
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2
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A
  1. Cingulate gyrus
  2. Fornix
  3. Mammillary body
  4. Parahippocampal gyrus
  5. Subiculum
  6. Hippocampus
  7. Amygdala
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3
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A
  1. Olfaction (uncus)
  2. Memory (hippocampus, entorhinal cortex)
  3. Emotions (anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala)
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4
Q

What is the structure of the parahippocampal gyrus?

A
  • Anterior: Pyriform cortex (uncus)
  • Posterior: Entorhinal cortex
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5
Q

What is the function of the pyriform cortex?

A

Receives fibres from the lateral olfactory tract and is involved in olfaction.

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6
Q

What is the function of the entorhinal cortex?

A

Receives fibres from higher association cortices (e.g. parietal-temporal-occipital association area) and is involved in semantic (recognition) memory.

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7
Q

What are the areas of the prefrontal cortex?

A
  1. Lateral:
    - Dorsolateral
    - Ventrolateral
  2. Medial
  3. Orbitofrontal
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8
Q

What are the inputs to the orbitofrontal cortex?

A
  1. Other association areas
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Amygdala
  4. Hypothalamus
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9
Q

What are the outputs from the orbitofrontal cortex?

A
  1. Cingulate cortex
  2. Amygdala
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Nucleus accumbens

(in addition to all other areas it receives inputs from)

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10
Q

What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Emotional & social behaviour

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11
Q

What is the function of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

Attention

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12
Q

What are the thalamic nuclei and subcortical structures assiciated with the frontal lobe?

A
  • Thalamic nuclei:
    1. Ventrolateral
    2. Ventroanterior
    3. Medial dorsal
  • Subcortical areas:
    1. Basal ganglia
    2. Cerebellum
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13
Q

What are the main functions of the systems associated with frontal lobe?

A
  1. Motor control
  2. Planning & action
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14
Q

What are the thalamic nuclei and subcortical structures assiciated with the parietal lobe?

A

Thalamic nuclei:

  1. Ventroposterior
  2. Pulvinar

Subcortical areas: Superior colliculus

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15
Q

What are the main functions of the systems associated with parietal lobe?

A
  1. Somatosensation
  2. Multimodal sensory integration
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16
Q

What are the thalamic nuclei and subcortical structures assiciated with the temporal lobe?

A

Thalamic nuclei:

  1. Pulvinar
  2. Anterior

Subcortical areas:

  1. Amygdala
  2. Hippocampal formation
17
Q

What are the main functions of the systems associated with temporal lobe?

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Memory
  3. Emotion
18
Q

What are the thalamic nuclei and subcortical structures assiciated with the occipital lobe?

A

Thalamic nuclei:

  1. Lateral geniculate
  2. Pulvinar

Subcortical areas: Superior colliculus

19
Q

What are the main functions of the systems associated with occipital lobe?

A
  1. Vision
  2. Visual association
20
Q

Which part of the lateral venticle is the hippocampus associated with?

A

Inferior horn

21
Q

What is the perforant pathway of the hippocampus?

A
  1. Cortex sends fibres that synapse in the entorhinal cortex, which then sends fibres that synapse in the dentate gyrus.
  2. Mossy fibres project from the dentate gyrus into CA3 via mossy fibres, as well as the fimbria-fornix.
  3. CA3 projectd into CA1 via Schaffer collaterals.
  4. CA1 projects into the subbiculum.
  5. The subiculum projects into fimbria-fornix, as well as entorhinal cortex.
22
Q

What are the output tracts of the hippocampus?

A
  1. CA3 →(fimbria-fornix)→ Mammillary bodies
  2. Subiculum → Entorhinal cortex → Neocortex
23
Q

What are the inputs of the nucleus accumbens?

A
  1. Orbitofrontal cortex
  2. Cingulate cortex
  3. Amygdala
24
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus accumbens?

A
  1. Emotions
  2. Motivation
25
Q

What is the sturucture of the forebrain cholinergic systems and its function?

A

Structure: Septal nuclei + basal forebrain → Cortex

Function: Learning, memory

26
Q

What is the sturucture of the midbrain dopaminergic systems and its function?

A

Structure:

  1. Substantia nigra → Dorsal striatum
  2. Ventral tegumental area → Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)

Function:

  1. SN: Motor function
  2. VTA: Motivation
27
Q

What is the structure of the midbrain/pontine noradrenergic system?

A

Structure: Locus coeruleus → Cortex

Function: Arousal, attention

28
Q

What is the function of the medullary serotoninergic system?

A

Structure: Raphe nucleus → Cortex

Function: Behavioural inhibition, emotions

29
Q

What conditions are associated with damage to cortical association areas?

A
  1. Apraxias
  2. Aphasias
  3. Agnosias
30
Q

What conditions are associated with damage/dysfunction of the cingulate cortex?

A
  1. Depression
  2. Schizophrenia
31
Q

What is Urbach-Weithe disease?

A

Calcification and loss of bilateral amygdala and surrounding cortical areas

32
Q

What are colloid cysts?

A

Benign epithelial-lined cysts that can occur in the ventricles

33
Q

What are the consequences of colloid cysts in the 3rd ventricle?

A

Blockage of the interventricular foramen causes hydrocephalus

34
Q

What condition is treated with DBS of the subgenual cortex of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Intractable depression

Neuroanatomy (7 decks)

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