Cognition and emotion

Question 1

What are the types of cortical association areas?

Answer 1

1. Secondary sensory areas: Allows information from one sensory modality to be analysed togehter
2. Higher association areas: Allows information from different sensory modalities to be analysed together

Question 2

What are the components of the limbic system?

Answer 2

1. Cingulate gyrus
2. Fornix
3. Mammillary body
4. Parahippocampal gyrus
5. Subiculum
6. Hippocampus
7. Amygdala

Question 3

What are the functions of the limbic system?

Answer 3

1. Olfaction (uncus)
2. Memory (hippocampus, entorhinal cortex)
3. Emotions (anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala)

Question 4

What is the structure of the parahippocampal gyrus?

Answer 4

• Anterior: Pyriform cortex (uncus)
• Posterior: Entorhinal cortex

Question 5

What is the function of the pyriform cortex?

Answer 5

Receives fibres from the lateral olfactory tract and is involved in olfaction.

Question 6

What is the function of the entorhinal cortex?

Answer 6

Receives fibres from higher association cortices (e.g. parietal-temporal-occipital association area) and is involved in semantic (recognition) memory.

Question 7

What are the areas of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 7

1. Lateral:
   - Dorsolateral
   - Ventrolateral
2. Medial
3. Orbitofrontal

Question 8

What are the inputs to the orbitofrontal cortex?

Answer 8

1. Other association areas
2. Hippocampus
3. Amygdala
4. Hypothalamus

Question 9

What are the outputs from the orbitofrontal cortex?

Answer 9

1. Cingulate cortex
2. Amygdala
3. Hypothalamus
4. Nucleus accumbens

(in addition to all other areas it receives inputs from)

Question 10

What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

Answer 10

Emotional & social behaviour

Question 11

What is the function of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex?

Answer 11

Attention

Question 12

What are the thalamic nuclei and subcortical structures assiciated with the frontal lobe?

Answer 12

• Thalamic nuclei:
  1. Ventrolateral
  2. Ventroanterior
  3. Medial dorsal
• Subcortical areas:
  1. Basal ganglia
  2. Cerebellum

Question 13

What are the main functions of the systems associated with frontal lobe?

Answer 13

1. Motor control
2. Planning & action

Question 14

What are the thalamic nuclei and subcortical structures assiciated with the parietal lobe?

Answer 14

Thalamic nuclei:

1. Ventroposterior
2. Pulvinar

Subcortical areas: Superior colliculus

Question 15

What are the main functions of the systems associated with parietal lobe?

Answer 15

1. Somatosensation
2. Multimodal sensory integration

Question 16

What are the thalamic nuclei and subcortical structures assiciated with the temporal lobe?

Answer 16

Thalamic nuclei:

1. Pulvinar
2. Anterior

Subcortical areas:

1. Amygdala
2. Hippocampal formation

Question 17

What are the main functions of the systems associated with temporal lobe?

Answer 17

1. Recognition
2. Memory
3. Emotion

Question 18

What are the thalamic nuclei and subcortical structures assiciated with the occipital lobe?

Answer 18

Thalamic nuclei:

1. Lateral geniculate
2. Pulvinar

Subcortical areas: Superior colliculus

Question 19

What are the main functions of the systems associated with occipital lobe?

Answer 19

1. Vision
2. Visual association

Question 20

Which part of the lateral venticle is the hippocampus associated with?

Answer 20

Inferior horn

Question 21

What is the perforant pathway of the hippocampus?

Answer 21

1. Cortex sends fibres that synapse in the entorhinal cortex, which then sends fibres that synapse in the dentate gyrus.
2. Mossy fibres project from the dentate gyrus into CA3 via mossy fibres, as well as the fimbria-fornix.
3. CA3 projectd into CA1 via Schaffer collaterals.
4. CA1 projects into the subbiculum.
5. The subiculum projects into fimbria-fornix, as well as entorhinal cortex.

Question 22

What are the output tracts of the hippocampus?

Answer 22

1. CA3 →(fimbria-fornix)→ Mammillary bodies
2. Subiculum → Entorhinal cortex → Neocortex

Question 23

What are the inputs of the nucleus accumbens?

Answer 23

1. Orbitofrontal cortex
2. Cingulate cortex
3. Amygdala

Question 24

What are the functions of the nucleus accumbens?

Answer 24

1. Emotions
2. Motivation

Question 25

What is the sturucture of the forebrain cholinergic systems and its function?

Answer 25

Structure: Septal nuclei + basal forebrain → Cortex Function: Learning, memory

Question 26

What is the sturucture of the midbrain dopaminergic systems and its function?

Answer 26

Structure: 1. Substantia nigra → Dorsal striatum 2. Ventral tegumental area → Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) Function: 1. SN: Motor function 2. VTA: Motivation

Question 27

What is the structure of the midbrain/pontine noradrenergic system?

Answer 27

Structure: Locus coeruleus → Cortex Function: Arousal, attention

Question 28

What is the function of the medullary serotoninergic system?

Answer 28

Structure: Raphe nucleus → Cortex Function: Behavioural inhibition, emotions

Question 29

What conditions are associated with damage to cortical association areas?

Answer 29

1. Apraxias 2. Aphasias 3. Agnosias

Question 30

What conditions are associated with damage/dysfunction of the cingulate cortex?

Answer 30

1. Depression 2. Schizophrenia

Question 31

What is Urbach-Weithe disease?

Answer 31

Calcification and loss of bilateral amygdala and surrounding cortical areas

Question 32

What are colloid cysts?

Answer 32

Benign epithelial-lined cysts that can occur in the ventricles

Question 33

What are the consequences of colloid cysts in the 3rd ventricle?

Answer 33

Blockage of the interventricular foramen causes hydrocephalus

Question 34

What condition is treated with DBS of the subgenual cortex of the cingulate gyrus?

Answer 34

Intractable depression