Cognition and development Flashcards
piagets theory of intellectual development
who studied the stages of intellectual devlopment?
piaget
piagets theory of intellectual development
what is the first stage of intellectual development?
0-2 years
sensorimotor
a baby focuses physical sensations and developing physical co-ordination
move body in particular ways to influence environment
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 1
what is object permanence?
knowing an object still exists even if unable to directly perceive it- requires forming a mental representation of the object
infants have no working model so no mental picture= no sense of it
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 1
what method was used for op?
toy under blanket while child is watching
observed if they searched for it or not
if they did- had op could only search due to making mental representation
if they did not- no op= no mental representation
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 1
what were the results and conclusions drawn from op?
8 month olds serached for it
children around 8 mths old have op because they can form mental representations
piagets theory of intellectual development
what is the second stage of intellectual development?
2-7 years
pre operational stage
understanding is givernee by outward appearences
child cannot perform logical mental operations
has difficulty with conservation, class inclusion and is egocentric
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2
what is conservation?
the basic mathematical understanding that quantity remains constant even when the appearance changes
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2
What was the method used to study conservation?
counters- created two equal lines of counters asking the children if the lines were the same
then pushed the counters in one of the rows closer together
liquid- two identical containers with liquids at same height
then poured in a taller thinner container asked same question
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2
What was the results of the conservation study?
correctly identified with first question but with second incorrectly stated one rwo = more and taller had more liquid
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2
What is egocentrism?
Only see the world from their own pov assuming others see feel and hear exactly as they do
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2
What was the method used to demonstrate egocentrism?
Three mountains task
Shown three mountains with a feature cross hut and snow
Doll placed at various positions different to child
Child asked to chose picture that indicates dolls view
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2
What was the findings and conclusions from the ego study?
**Four year olds- **always picked their pov
6 years old- chose different to their view but incorrect pov
**7-8- **chose correct picture =mno longer egocentric
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2
What is class inclusion?
understanding any objects can at the same time be part of a subordinate group and a superordinate group
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 2
What was the method used for class inclusion?
wooden beads
children asked if there were more brown or white beads there were more brown than white (there were)
and asked if there were more brown or wooden beads
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage
What were the findings from the class inclusion?
in this stage children under 7 gave incorrect answer to second question
piagets theory of intellectual development-stage 3
What is the concrete operational stage?
7-11 years
now able to use logical thought or operations but can only apply logic to physical objects infront of them
can now do conserve, class include and no longer ego centric
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 4
What is the formal operational stage?
12+
can now conduct logical thought and operations in an abstract manner by manipulating ideas in their head without depending on concrete manipulation
understand hypotheticals
piagets theory of intellectual development- stage 4
What was the third eye problem used for the formal operational stage?
Where would they put it and why
9 year olds- would put it on forehead
11 year olds- they would put it on their hand to see round corners = more innovative
piagets theory of cognitive development
What are schemas?
mentalframework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive procesing developed from experience
help us understand and respond to the world around us
piagets theory of cognitive development
How do we become motivated to learn?
When we cannot make sense of something new using our existing schemas this leads to a state of disequilibrium
piagets theory of cognitive development
What is disequilibrium?
Current Schemata are unable to process incoming info
piagets theory of cognitive development
What is equilibrium?
Current Schemata are able to process incoming info
piagets theory of cognitive development
What is equilibration?
Going from disequilibrium to equilibrium
piagets theory of cognitive development
What is assimilation?
We equilibrate by adding new info to existing schemas
piagets theory of cognitive development
What is accommodation?
Changing an existing schema and or creating a new one
emphasises the important role of cultural factors
What is vgotskys theory of cognitive development?
Cognitive development is a social process of learning from a MKO
influenced by biological maturation and child’s interactions with others
vgotskys theory of cognitive development
How does learning take place according to vgotsky?
Knowledge is first
Intermental- shared between the MKO and LKO then intramental- within the mind of the LKO
MKO is from the same culture of child= will cognitively develop to have similar reasoing abilities
vgotskys theory of cognitive development
What is the zone of proximal development?
Tasks that a learner cannot achieve independently but can with the help from an MKO
Intermental
vgotskys theory of cognitive development
What is the zone of achieved development?
Tasks that a learner can do independently
Intramental
vgotskys theory of cognitive development
What is a more knowledgeable other (MKO)?
Someone who has better understanding or higher ability level than the learner in particular tasks
vgotskys theory of cognitive development
What is scaffolding?
The help that MKO’S give learners to help them to go from their ZPD until they enter ZAD
Support is gradually taken away as it becomes unnecessary
Helps child to understand the task then enter ZAD from ZPD
Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities
What does Baillargeon focus on?
Early infant abilities
argues that babies have a better undersatnding of the physical world- may lack the motor skills needed to persue the hidden object or may lose intrest due to disractions
Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities
What is violation of expectation research and what was the research behind it?
impossible event
idea that Infants will show surprise when witnessing an event they didnt expect to happen
ramp
Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities
What was the aim?
ramp study
whether babies have earlier/younger than Piaget suggested
Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities
What was Baillargeon’s theory?
object knowldedge is present from a much earlier age due to two possibilities
Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities
What is Baillargeon’s theory of physicalreasoning?
2012
proposed that we are born with a physical reasoning system (PRS)
that means babies are born hardwired with both basic understanding of the physical world and ability to learn more details about objects easily and quickly
Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities
What is object persistence?
aspect that we have from birth similar to piaget
idea that an object remains in existence and does not spontaneously change in structure- develops and becomes more sophisticated through experience
social cognition
What is social perspective taking?
Selman- understanding what others are thinking or feeling it develops in 5 stages
,social cognition
What was the research into SPT?
holly kitten and dad and sarah
Aims- how children develop SPT
Method- 30 boys and girls aged 4-6 individually given task to measure PT based on being given scenarios and being asked questions about how each person in the scenario would have felt ( after promising dad she wouldnt climb trees, how would the three feel about rescuing the kitten)
Findings- perspective taking correlates with age suggesting a clear sequence
social cognition
What was the later development of selmans theory?
3 aspects to social development
1-Interpersonal understanding- can take different roles then we can understand social situations
2-Interpersonal negotiation strategies- need to develop skills in how to respond to them
3-Awareness of personal meaning of relationships- requires the ability to reflect on social behaviour in the context of different relationships
social cognition
What is the theory of mind (ToM)?
personal understanding of what others are thinking and feeling
Ability to attribute mental states, beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, and knowledge- to ourselves and others
social cognition
What do Premack and woodruff say about ToM?
It’s important as it allows us to understand that others have unique beliefs and desires that are different from our own enabling us to engage in social interaction- interpret the mental states and infer behaviours of those around us
social cognition
How does ToM develop?
Westby and Robinson- several development skills that infants need to develop including ability to comprehend the concept of attention, understand the intentions of others and ability to imitate others as well as pretending to be someone else, understanding the causes and consequences of emotions and understanding that people and have different likes/ dislikes
social cognition
What was Wellman and Peterson’s ToM?
Between 4-5 years old think about others ToM emerges through steps
social cognition
What are the steps by Wellman and Peterson?
Understanding wanting
Understanding thinking
Understanding that seeing leads to knowing
Understanding false beliefs- others may have beliefs that differ from reality
Understating hidden feelings
social cognition
How has ToM development been measured?
Wimmer and Perner- 3 to 4 year olds told a story of maxi that left his chocolate in a green cupboard, his mother used the chocolate and put the rest in the blue cupboard asked where maxi would look
3- incorretly said green cupboard- assuming maxi knows mother moved it
4- said blue cupboard
social cognition
How is ToM used to explain autism?
Baron-Cohen et al- children with autism do not have ToM and many behaviours can be explained by children not being able to take perspectives of others= not being able to understand other people’s beliefs intentions and emotions (mind blindness)
social cognition
What was the Sally-Anne task?
Procedure- 20 autistic children and 27 non-autistic and 14 Down syndrome children watched a scenario
Sally- puts ball in basket
Anne- moves the ball to box
Where does sally look?
Findings- 85% of control group correctly identified where sally would look compared to 20% autistic children
Conclusion- autism involves ToM deficit = may explain autism
social cognition
What are mirror neurons?
Neurons activaed when we perform an action AND when we observe the action being performed by someone else
social cognition
How are mirror neurons involved in empathy?
important in it as when we observe someone elses facial expressions, neurons in our brain that control that facial expression is activated = neural systems involved in that emotion is activated by this
this allows us to experince the same emotions as others= foundation of empathy
social cognition
What is the link between mirror neurons and intention?
Gallese and Goldman- suggest that mirror neurons don’t only respond to the observed action but also the intentions behind the behaviour- mn allow us to understrand other peoples intentions
social cognition
What did Fogassi et al find?
different mns fired when a monkey observed someone grasp an appe compared to a non food item
What is the evolutionary basis for mirror neuron’s?
Ramachandran- mn’s are essential to how we learn to carry out behaviours, by observing someone of the same species carrying out the behaviour- our mn’s being activated allows us to easily imitate them
these skills are passed throughout and between generations e.g tool making etc
social cognition
How are mirror neurons involved in autism?
‘broken mirror’ theory of autism
autism is the result of a dysfunctional mirror neuron system preventing autistic people from being able to imitate social behaviours effectively
* this results in them beaving in ways which differ to typical social behaviour
* can also explain difficulties in understanding emotions, empathy as well as taking things literally
Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities- ramp study
what was the procedure?
24 babies aged 5-6 mths
tall and short rabbit passing behind a screen with window
familiarisation event- small+ tall rabit disapering behind screen
Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities- ramp study
what were the test events?
baby having object permenace
2 conditions
expected event tall rabit seen in window/ short rabbit not in widow bc of its height
unexpected event- tall rabbit not seen in window as it moves from one side of screen to other side
would show suprise when shown unexpected event
Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities-ramp study
what were the findings?
demonstrates good understanding of object permenace
babies looked on average
33 seconds for unexpected compared to 25 seconds for expected event
meaning they were suprised at unexpected condition= must know tall rabbit should have appeared in the window
Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities
wha are the two posibilities for early object knowledge?
1- infants being born with capacity to aquire object knowledge very easily
or
2- being born with an understanding of the properties of objects
Baillargeons explanation of early infant abilities
how does physical reasoning develop?
1st few weeks of life baby begin to identify event categories- each event corresponds to one way in which objects interact
selman social perspective stages
what are selmans first two stages?
3-6 years, 6-8 years
stage 0 egocentric- child struggles to distinguish between their own emotional states and those of others
stage 1 social informational- child can tell diff between their own perspective and that of others, but only one at a time
selman social perspective stages
what are the last three selman stages?
8-10 years, 10-12 years, 12 +
stage 2 self reflective- child can understand another persons perspective but can still only consider one at a time
stage 3 mutual- child can consider both points of view at the same time
stage 4 social and conventional system- child understands that social conventionas are needed to resolve disagreements
