Cognition

Question 1

Stages of human information processing model

Answer 1

1 - perceptual encoding
2 - central processing
3 - responding

Question 2

Elements of information processing

Answer 2

attention and perception

Question 3

Selection is controlled by

Answer 3

1 - salience
2 - effort
3 - expectancy
4 - value

Question 4

Design implications for selective attention and perception in design

Answer 4

1 - Maximize bottom-up processing
2 - Maximize automatically and unionization
3 - Maximize top-down processing
4 - Maximize discriminating features (minimizing confusion)

Question 5

Baddeley Model of Working Memory

Answer 5

4 components (1 controller and 3 storage)
1 - central executive
2 - visuospatial sketchpad (visual semantics)
3 - episodic buffer (order and sequencing)
4 - phonological loop (language)

Question 6

Limits of working memory

Answer 6

1 - capacity (4 chunks)
2 - time (7 second half-life for 3 chunks and 70 seconds for 1 chunk)
3 - confusability and similarity (source of error)
4 - availability and type of attention

Question 7

Design implications for working memory

Answer 7

1 - Minimizing working memory load
2 - Provide visual echoes
3 - Provide placeholders for sequential tasks
4 - Exploit chunking
5 - Minimize confusability
6 - Avoid unnecessary zeroes
7 - Congruence of instructions
8 - Avoid negatives

Question 8

Types of information in long term memory

Answer 8

1 - semantic or declarative (general knowledge)
2 - episodic memory (event oriented)
3 - procedural memory (procedure oriented)

Question 9

Organization of information in long term memory

Answer 9

1 - semantic networks
2 - schemas and scripts
3 - mental models
4 - cognitive maps

Question 10

Design implications for long term memory

Answer 10

1 - encourage regular use
2 - active reproduction (verbalization) 
3 - standardize
4 - use memory aids (i.e. list of procedures)
5 - design information to be remembered

Question 11

Modes of attention

Answer 11

1 - automatized tasks
2 - cognitive complexity
3 - working memory

Question 12

Multiple resource theory

Answer 12

Performing two tasks at the same time that share the same modes, codes or stages is more difficult.

• codes: spatial or verbal
• modalities: auditory or visual
• stages: perception vs cognition
• responding: manual vs automatic