Cognition Flashcards
I-self (4) vs Me-self (3)
I: Self as knower, decider, actor
- Includes self-agency, self-awareness, self-continuity, self-coherence
Me: Self as known (self-concept), object of our exps
- Material self (body, relationships, what we own), social self (what we reflect to other ppl), spiritual self (personality traits, beliefs, morals)
Essentialist vs constructionist view
Each person contains immutable essence, a necessary set of defining features, or a singular true self
- Innate self that we discover
Each person constructs a self that is experienced as authentic thru exps
- Develop self thru exps
Self-determination theory
- Is intrinsic or extrinsic motivation mote beneficial?
- Dispositional vs State authenticity
Humans are prone to positive growth (unless restricted by enviro) thru satisfying basic needs for autonomy, relatedness, competence
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Intrinsic; reflects our true self more and helps us achieve authenticity
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Dispositional: Enduring characteristics that reflect authentic exps
State: Perception or feeling that one is currently behaving in accordance with true self
Goals (general definition)
- Stretch
- Specific
- Approach
- Intrinsic
- Self-concordant
Desirable end states that we are motivated to pursue
- Must perceive as attainable, making progress towards
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STRETCH:
Challenging but attainable, still within skills; Enhances both subjective and psychological well-being compared to easy
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SPECIFIC:
- Makes it easier to take clear steps towards goal, which will take less time than abstract
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APPROACH:
- Moving towards a reward better than moving away from punishment bcuz easier to see end state and focuses less on negatives
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INTRINSIC:
- Satisfies need for self-determinism and makes us happier
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SELF-CONCORDANT:
- Reflect individual’s interests and values and is intrinsically motivating
- Assoc w/ internal perceived locus of control
- Self-concordance -> Sustained effort -> Goal attainment -> Personal growth interpretation -> Need satisfaction (psych well-being) -> Subjective well-being
Self-efficacy
- Outcome vs Efficacy expectancies (according to Bandura)
- Where it comes from (5)
- 2 ways it can be measured
- Linked to what 3 outcomes
Ppl’s beliefs in their capabilities to produce desired effects by their own actions
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Outcome: Ppl’s beliefs about what needs to be done in order to reach a desired goal
Efficacy: Ppl’s beliefs about their own capability to complete the necessary actions
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- Previous success in similar situations
- Modelling on others in same situations (imitation, internalizing goals)
- Imagining oneself behaving effectively (makes us feel like we can do it)
- Arousal and emotion (positive makes us keep putting in effort, negative makes us realize when we need to switch goals)
- Verbal persuasion from someone powerful, credible, and socially attractive
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- Situations (beliefs about using abilities to reach given goals in specific circumstances or domains; Bets et al’s measure)
- Traits (Dispositional aspects, self-efficacy scale)
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- Successful coping w/ adversity (better resilience)
- Psychotherapy (better use of strats to enhance self-efficacy)
- Physical health (Higher self-efficacy makes ppl more probe to making positive changes in their life)
Learned optimism (Seligman)
- Negative vs Positive outcomes
- Positively correlated w/? (4)
- Diff w/ dispositional optimism?
NEGATIVE:
- Pessimism: Internal, stable, global attribution (outcome is bcuz of you, will not change, will affect all aspects if life)
- Learned optimism: External, valuable, specific attribution (outcomes is caused by situation, won’t last forever, only affects this situation)
POSITIVE:
- Pessimism: External, valuable, specific attribution
- Learned optimism: Internal, stable, global attribution
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- Better academic and athletic performance
- More productive work record
- Greater satisfaction w/ relationships
- More effective coping w/ stressors
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A stable tendency to believe good, rather than bad, will happen
- Steps from childhood exp
Snyder’s hope theory
- How do you increase hope using the hope theory? (2)
- Hopeful thinking
Hope involves:
- Goals (what an individual wants to get, do, accomplish/experience)
- Pathways thinking (develop plan/strat that they believe will lead to goal)
- Agency thinking (belief/motivation that you can use pathways to the goals)
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- Map out your pathways (pathways thinking)
- Use hopeful daydreaming (simulates moving thru steps to achieve goals)
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Believing you are the one making good things happen so you think more good things will happen
Ancient Greece conceptualizations of wisdom:
- Sophia
- Phronesis
- Episteme
- Person seeking a contemplative life
- Practical nature/Truth of the world thru theoretical thought and knowledge
- Scientific understanding of the universe
Implicit theory
- Clayton’s empirical approach uncovered what 3 dimensions of wisdom
- Sternberg’s theory of wisdom
- Baltes’ theory of wisdom
Folk theory of a construct that describes its basic elements (done by asking ppl)
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- Based on ratings of similarities between pairs of words related to wisdom
- Affective (empathy, compassion), Reflective (intuition, introspection), Cognitive (experience, intelligence)
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- Based on how participants sorted descriptions of wise behavs
- Wisdom involved reasoning ability, making good ideas, learning from ideas/enviro, judgment, efficient use of info, and sharp thinking; Eastern traditions balance between affective + cognitive aspects while western focuses on cognitive
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- Based on writings about wisdom
- Wisdom addresses important matters of life, involves special knowledge, reflects knowledge w/ extraordinary scope, is well-intended, and is difficult to achieve but easy to recognize
Explicit theories of wisdom:
- Reigel’s extended Piaget’s theory
- Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
- Sternberg’s balance theory
- Ardelt’s personal wisdom theory
Explicit theories detail the observable manifestations of a construct
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- Included postformal operational thinking forms
- Dialectical operations stage (wisdom): Logical argumentation in pursuit of truth or reality (Reflexive thinking integrating opposing perspectives, dual use of logical and subjective info processing, integration of motivation and life exps)
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- Wisdom reflects a maturity in which concerns for the collective good transcend personal interest (ego integrity)
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- Specifying the process (balance of interests and response to enviro contexts) in relation to the goal of wisdom (achievement of common good)
- Knowing how rather than knowing what is used to balance
- Balance of interests is interpersonal vs intrapersonal to get to extrapersonal, balance of responsiveness is shaping vs selection of enviros we don’t have control of to get to adaptation and ultimately common good
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- Advanced stage of personality development involving creation of traits:
- Cognitive: Commitment to truth, awareness of positive/negative aspects of human nature, acknowledge uncertainty
- Affective: Compassion for others
- Reflective: Ability to adopt multiple perspectives and consider issues w/out assigning blame
