cognitinve science Flashcards
how we acquire and process information and how we store and ultimately retrieve it (one of the processes involved in memory
Cognitive scienc
learned helplessness
Martin Seligman Steven Maier, a
animals encounter conditions over which they have no control.
learned helplessness
observed that organisms do not have to experience certain events in their environment to learn effectively
they can learn just as much by observing
Albert Bandura
modeling or observational learning.
Albert Bandura
become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations over the course of evolution because this knowledge contributes to the survival of the species
prepared learning
alarm reaction that activates during potentially life-threatening emergencies
flight of fight response
composed of three related components—behavior, physiology, and cognition
emotion
is used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome
principle of equifinality
systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, andsocial factors i
Clinical assessment
Diagnosis
determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder,
e feeling state that accompanies what we say at a given point.
Affect
first neuroimaging technique,
1970s, uses multiple X-ray exposures of the brain from different angles
image of the brain structure through restructuring xray fron different angles
computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan or CT scan
give greater resolution (specificity and accuracy) than a CTscan without the inherent risks of X-ray tests
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
injected with a tracer substance attached to radioactive isotopes
This gives an image of the brain functioning. creating hotspots for area of the brain that is functioning and not functioning
positron emission tomography (PET) s
used more often than PET scans
less accurate. It is also less expensive
show image of the brain functioning
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
allow researchers to see the immediate response of the brain to a brief event, such as seeing a new face
replaced PET
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
electrodes are placed directly on various places onthescalptorecord the different low-voltage currents
electroencephalogram (EEG),
what do you call the brief EEG patterns in response to specific event
event-related potential (ERP)
o determine what is unique about an individual’s personality, cultural background, or circumstances
nidiographic strategy.
determine a general class of problems and take advantage of the information already accumulated on a particular problemor disorder
nomothetic strategy
o construct groups or categories
assign objects or people to these categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations
classification
he classification is in a scientific context
taxonomy
classification in the subject is psychology
behaviors
apply a taxonomic system to psychological or medical phenomena or other clinical areas
nosology
names or labels of the disorders that make up the nosology( for example, anxiety or mood disorders
m nomenclature
biological tradition in the study of psychopathology.
classical (or pure) categorical approach to classification
Emil Kraepelin
was one of the first psychiatrists to classify psychological disorders from a biological point of view
