cognitinve science

Question 1

how we acquire and process information and how we store and ultimately retrieve it (one of the processes involved in memory

Answer 1

 Cognitive scienc

Question 2

learned helplessness

Answer 2

Martin Seligman Steven Maier, a

Question 3

animals encounter conditions over which they have no control.

Answer 3

learned helplessness

Question 4

observed that organisms do not have to experience certain events in their environment to learn effectively
they can learn just as much by observing

Answer 4

Albert Bandura

Question 5

modeling or observational learning.

Answer 5

Albert Bandura

Question 6

become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations over the course of evolution because this knowledge contributes to the survival of the species

Answer 6

prepared learning

Question 7

alarm reaction that activates during potentially life-threatening emergencies

Answer 7

flight of fight response

Question 8

composed of three related components—behavior, physiology, and cognition

Answer 8

emotion

Question 9

is used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome

Answer 9

principle of equifinality

Question 10

systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, andsocial factors i

Answer 10

Clinical assessment

Question 11

Diagnosis

Answer 11

determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder,

Question 12

e feeling state that accompanies what we say at a given point.

Answer 12

Affect

Question 13

first neuroimaging technique,

Answer 13

1970s, uses multiple X-ray exposures of the brain from different angles

Question 14

image of the brain structure through restructuring xray fron different angles

Answer 14

computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan or CT scan

Question 15

give greater resolution (specificity and accuracy) than a CTscan without the inherent risks of X-ray tests

Answer 15

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 16

injected with a tracer substance attached to radioactive isotopes

This gives an image of the brain functioning. creating hotspots for area of the brain that is functioning and not functioning

Answer 16

positron emission tomography (PET) s

Question 17

used more often than PET scans
less accurate. It is also less expensive
show image of the brain functioning

Answer 17

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Question 18

allow researchers to see the immediate response of the brain to a brief event, such as seeing a new face

replaced PET

Answer 18

 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Question 19

electrodes are placed directly on various places onthescalptorecord the different low-voltage currents

Answer 19

electroencephalogram (EEG),

Question 20

what do you call the brief EEG patterns in response to specific event

Answer 20

event-related potential (ERP)

Question 21

o determine what is unique about an individual’s personality, cultural background, or circumstances

Answer 21

nidiographic strategy.

Question 22

determine a general class of problems and take advantage of the information already accumulated on a particular problemor disorder

Answer 22

nomothetic strategy

Question 23

o construct groups or categories
assign objects or people to these categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations

Answer 23

classification

Question 24

he classification is in a scientific context

Answer 24

taxonomy

Question 25

classification in the subject is psychology

Answer 25

behaviors

Question 26

apply a taxonomic system to psychological or medical phenomena or other clinical areas

Answer 26

nosology

Question 27

names or labels of the disorders that make up the nosology( for example, anxiety or mood disorders

Answer 27

m nomenclature

Question 28

biological tradition in the study of psychopathology.

classical (or pure) categorical approach to classification

Answer 28

Emil Kraepelin

Question 29

was one of the first psychiatrists to classify psychological disorders from a biological point of view