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cognitive science > Cog sci test 3 > Flashcards

Cog sci test 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are linguists interested in

A

speakers’ knowledge and use of language

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2
Q

what is linguistics

A

the study of language
- describe and analyze language

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3
Q

grammar

A

the rules that describe a language

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4
Q

phonology

A

the study of sound patterns in language

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5
Q

phonotactic constraints

A

restrictions on possible combinations of sounds

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6
Q

complementary distribution

A

two sounds that never occur in the same environment

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7
Q

contrastive distribution

A

found in the same environment but contrast in meaning
- minimal pairs

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8
Q

allophone

A

different ways that one can say a word
- another way to pronounce phoneme

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9
Q

phoneme

A

similar sounds that a language treats as being the same

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10
Q

morphology

A

the study of the structure of words

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11
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest unit that can have meaning

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12
Q

roots

A

root word cannot break down into similar units
- the basic meaning of a word

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13
Q

compounds

A

two roots combined together (waterfall)

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14
Q

inflectional morphemes

A

serve only grammatical function
- does not change the syntactic category

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15
Q

derivational morpheme

A

change the syntactic category of a word

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16
Q

syntax

A

the study of how words are together into phrases, clauses and sentences

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17
Q

auxiliary verbs

A

occur together with another verb

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18
Q

lexicon

A

mental store of words (not static)

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19
Q

productivity

A

creating more
- sentences

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20
Q

Noam Chomsky

A
  • challenged behaviourists
  • universal grammar (innate)
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21
Q

Language Acquisition device

A
  • allows humans to learn language
  • the set of common grammatical rules are hard-wired into this device
  • people need exposure until the critical period to activate the LAD
  • human specific
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22
Q

critical period

A

proposed by Eric Lenneberg
- after this period language cannot be acquired in a natural fashion (Genie)
- closes after puberty

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23
Q

generative grammar

A
  • developed by Noam Chomsky
  • a set of rules that can predict which combinations of words are able to make grammatically correct sentences
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24
Q

Principles and parameters

A

A framework within generative linguistics
- all languages must have some things in common
- children are born with pre-existing knowledge of language

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25
Q

principles

A
  • absolute rules and generalizations about the way that languages are structured
  • true for every single human language
26
Q

parameters

A
  • a limited set of options that language
    must choose among
  • finite
27
Q

the minimalist program

A

It is a conceptual framework to guide the developmental grammatical theory
- understand the nature of language
- what is it, and what properties of language
- what is conceptually necessary for language

28
Q

what is natural language processing

A

a branch of AI focused on the interaction between computers and humans through language
- main goal is to enable machines to understand, interpret and generate human language in a way that’s both meaningful and useful

29
Q

application of NLP

A
  • chatbots, virtual assistants and automated costumer support etc..
30
Q

limitations

A
  • lack a true understanding
  • struggle with ambiguity (metaphor, sarcasm and context)
  • biased or incorrect outputs
31
Q

why did cognitive traits evolve

A
  • not random
  • they evolved because that provided survival or reproductive advantages to our ancestors
32
Q

variation

A
  • variation in traits
  • can be physical or cognitive
33
Q

heritability

A
  • traits that have a genetic basis can be passed down to offspring
34
Q

differential survival and reproduction

A
  • individuals with traits that are advantageous in their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
  • passing those traits on
35
Q

threats and fear

A

solutions to specific problems faced by our ancestors (help avoid danger)

36
Q

modern threats

A

haven’t existed long enough for our brains to develop an instinctual fear of them

37
Q

why is evolution important

A

bridges the gap between biology and cognition
- evolutionary function of mental abilities
- understand our behaviours (traced back to ancient challenges)
- survival and reproductive success

38
Q

Ancestral Environment and model minds

A

refers to the prehistoric environment where human cognition evolved
- optimized for ancient environment conflicts with modern time

39
Q

social cognition

A
  • cooperative (groups)
  • reading emotions
40
Q

theory of the mind

A

ability to understand that others have different thoughts and feelings

41
Q

problem solving

A
  • finding food (memory and spatial navigation) and avoiding danger (quick decision-making)
42
Q

decision making biases

A

cognitive shortcuts like heuristics helped our ancestors survive
- loss aversion (losses weighed more)

43
Q

comparative cognition

A

It examines how different species process information, solve problems, and adapt to their environments.
- similarities and differences

44
Q

crows

A

use tools
- demonstrate problem-solving
- planning and understanding cause and effect relationships

45
Q

Scrub jays

A
  • hiding food
  • memory
  • episodic-like memory and social cognition
46
Q

Great apes

A
  • self-recognition
  • mirror test
47
Q

which traits are shared across species

A

memory, problem-solving, and communication
- many animals demonstrate cognitive flexibility

48
Q

what traits are unique to humans

A
  • complex languages
  • abstract reasoning
  • cultural transmission
49
Q

shared brain structure

A
  • cortex, hippocampus and amygdala involved in memory, learning and emotions
50
Q

functional analogies

A

While brain structures differ in size and organization, the functions they serve can be remarkably similar across species

51
Q

why is it important to study simpler brains

A

understand fundamental building blocks of cognition

52
Q

cognition is adaptable

A

Cognitive traits often evolve to address specific echolocation pressures

53
Q

parallel evolution

A

Similar cognitive abilities sometimes evolve independently in unrelated species, a phenomenon known as convergent evolution

53
Q

cognitive specialization

A

Each species develops cognitive skills suited to its niche.

54
Q

domain specific mechanisms

A

evolved to handle specific tasks

55
Q

general purpose mechanisms

A

allow flexibility across diverse situations

56
Q

complex communication

A

we can communicate expression, abstract, symbolic and novel ideas
- discuss the future and the past

57
Q

social brain hypothesis

A

It suggests that languages evolve to manage the complexities of larger social groups.

58
Q

adaptation

A

trait evolved from a specific function

59
Q

exaptation

A

trait repurposed for a new function

60
Q

critiques of evolutionary approach

A
  • overemphasis on adaptionism
  • lack of empirical evidence
  • ignore cultural and environmental influences

cognitive science (3 decks)

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