Cog Neuro Book Ch 13 Vocabulary

Question 1

autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (p. 601)

Answer 1

(ASD) A group of neurodevelopmental disorders that include autism, Asperger’s syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified. These disorders are characterized by deficits in social cognition and social communication often associated with an increase in repetitive behavior or obsessive interests.

Question 2

autoscopic phenomena (APs) (p. 581)

Answer 2

A visual body illusion that affects the entire body. Out-of-body experiences, autoscopic hallucinations, and heautoscopy are three times of APs.

Question 3

default network (p. 576)

Answer 3

A network of brain areas that is active when a person is at wakeful rest and not engaged with the outside world.

Question 4

embodiment (p. 580)

Answer 4

The feeling of spatial unity between the “self” and the body.

Question 5

empathic accuracy (p. 584)

Answer 5

The ability to accurately infer the thoughts, feelings, and/or emotional state of another person.

Question 6

empathy (p. 589)

Answer 6

The ability to experience and understand what others fee l while still knowing the difference between oneself and others. Empathy is oft en described as the ability to “put oneself in another person’s shoes.”

Question 7

experience sharing theory (p. 585)

Answer 7

Originally called simulation theory. A theory proposing that we do not nee d to have an elaborate theory about the mind of others in order to infer their thoughts or predict their actions. We simply observe someone else’s behavior, simulate it, and use our own mental state produced by that simulation to predict the mental state of the other.
Compare mental state attribution theory.

Question 8

false-belief task (p. 585)

Answer 8

A task that measures the ability to attribute false beliefs to others.

Question 9

imitative behavior (p. 585)

Answer 9

The spontaneous and uncontrolled mimicking of another person’s behavior that is sometimes exhibited by patients with frontal lobe damage.

Question 10

joint attention (p. 586)

Answer 10

The ability to monitor someone else’s attention by observing that person’s gaze or actions and directing one’s own attention similarly.

Question 11

mental state attribution theory (p. 584)

Answer 11

Originally called theory theory. A theory proposing that we acquire a commonsense “folk psychology” and use it, somewhat like a scientific theory, to infer the thoughts of others (“mind-read”).
Compare experience sharing theory.

Question 12

orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (p. 569)

Answer 12

Also ventromedial zone. A region of the frontal lobe, located above the orbits of the eyes, that is implicated in a range of functions, including perceptual processes associated with olfaction and taste, as well as those associated with monitoring whether one’s behavior is appropriate.

Question 13

prefrontal cortex (PFC) (p. 569)

Answer 13

A region of cortex that takes part  in the higher aspects of motor control and the planning and  execution of behavior, perhaps especially tasks that require  the integration of information over time and thus mandate the involvement of working memory mechanisms. The prefrontal cortex has three or more main areas that are commonly referred to in descriptions of the gross anatomy of the frontal lobe: 
the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 
the anterior cingulate and 
medial frontal regions, and 
the orbitofrontal cortex.

Question 14

reversal learning (p. 611)

Answer 14

An attempt to teach someone to respond in the opposite way from what they were previously taught.

Question 15

self-reference effect (p. 572)

Answer 15

An effect rooted in the theoretical perspective that the recall of information is related to how dee ply the information was initially processed. Specifically, the self-reference effect is the superior memory for information that is encoded in relation to oneself.

Question 16

simulation theory (p. 585)

Answer 16

Same as experience sharing theory
Originally called simulation theory. A theory proposing that we do not need to have an elaborate theory about the mind of others in order to infer their thoughts or predict their actions. We simply observe someone else’s behavior, simulate it, and use our own mental state produced by that simulation to predict the mental state of the other.
Compare mental state attribution theory.

Question 17

social cognitive neuroscience (p. 572)

Answer 17

An emerging field of brain science that combines social-personality psychology and cognitive neuroscience with the goal of understanding the neural mechanisms involved in social interaction in humans.

Question 18

theory of mind (ToM) (p. 585)

Answer 18

Also mentalizing. The ability to attribute mental states such as beliefs, desires, thoughts, and intentions to others and to understand that they may be different from one’s own.

Question 19

theory theory (p. 584)

Answer 19

Same as Mental State attribution theory
Originally called theory theory. A theory proposing that we acquire a commonsense “folk psychology” and use it, somewhat like a scientific theory, to infer the thoughts of others (“mind-read”).
Compare experience sharing theory.

Question 20

xenomelia (p. 582)

Answer 20

Also body integrity identity disorder (BIID). A rare condition in which able-bodied individuals report experiencing a lifelong desire for the amputation of one or several of their limbs because they do not feel that the limb belongs to their body.