Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognitive Neuroscience > 2nd Midterm Exam > Flashcards

2nd Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Motor unit:

A

where neurons (alpha motor neurons) activate muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract:

A

Control of fine motor movement, Acts on more distal limbs→ Also pyramidal tract. A bundle of axons that originate in the cortex and terminate mono-synaptically on alpha motor neurons and spinal interneurons in the spinal cord. Many of these fibers originate in the primary motor cortex, although some come from secondary motor areas. The corticospinal tract is important for the control of voluntary movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Medial tract:

A

Controls walking, posture, standing, Acts on more proximal parts of limbs and the trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vestibulocerebellum:

A

balance, eye movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Spinocerebellum:

A

smooth control of movement, coordination in walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cerebrocerebellum:

A

highly skilled movements requiring sensorimotor learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ataxia:

A

Damage to the cerebellum from stroke, tumor, or degenerative processes results in a syndrome known as ataxia. Patients with ataxia have difficulty maintaining balance and producing well- coordinated movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nigrostriatal system (substantia nigra) of the basal ganglia

A

Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The basal ganglia play a critical role in

A

movement initiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The substantia nigra (in basal ganglia) excites the direct pathway by

A

acting on one type of dopamine receptor (D1) and inhibits the indirect pathway by acting on a different type of dopamine receptor (D2).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a motor plan? Which brain regions are involved in forming a motor plan?

A

-Supplementary & Premotor areas
-Motor plan: representation of intended movement
•General information about the goal of the movements
•Specific information about the muscular control needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mirror neurons:

A

Responds to not only doing actions, but also to someone else doing the same action. Can be very specific or also more broad (slides)
-Mirror neurons: A neuron that shows similar responses when an animal is either performing an action or observing that action produced by another organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of the ACC in control of actions?

A

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC):
•Debated role in various functions, including motor, attentional, and emotional
•Control and planning of movements
•Novel, untrained movements
•Selecting for movement among competing alternatives
•Error detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (M1)

A
  • Organization around specific attribute of physical world
  • Specific body area controlled by specific motor region
  • Distortion relative to physical world
  • Parts of body with fine motor control are bigger
  • Mapping is upside down
  • Body parts represented inversely on cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Recall damage to parietal regions (dorso-dorsal stream) causes

A

optic ataxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Corticomotor neurons:

A

neurons that synapse directly onto alpha motor neurons instead of onto spinal interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neuroprosthetics take advantage of the _____to interface with machines in lieu of limbs

A

cortex’s patterns of activity in planning motor movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Apraxia:

A

A neurological syndrome characterized by loss of skilled or purposeful movement that cannot be attributed to weakness or an inability to innervate the muscles. Apraxia results from lesions of the cerebral cortex, usually in the left hemisphere. Difficulty pronouncing words.
-Apraxia is a disorder in which the patient has difficulty producing coordinated, goal-directed movement, despite having normal strength and control of the individual effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are brain-machine interfaces?

A

brain–machine interfaces (BMIs), use decoding algorithms to control prosthetic devices with neural signals.
For instance, could you plan an action in your motor cortex (e.g., let’s fold the laundry), somehow connect those motor cortex neurons to a computer, and send the planned action to a robot, which would fold the laundry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a limitation that BMI face in being more like human motor systems?

A

A major limitation with most BMI systems is that they operate in an “open-loop” mode, providing motor commands to prosthetic devices but not taking advantage of sensory feedback.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 General Neural Networks in Attention:

A
  • Alerting: maintaining sensitivity to incoming info (noradrenaline)
  • Orienting: aligning attention with sensory input (acetylcholine)→ selective att.
  • Executive: modulating attentional activity (dopamine)

-Arousal and attention role: norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Selective attention:

A

processing relevant information while ignoring irrelevant information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Top-down control (goal-driven control):

A

steered by an individual’s current behavioral goals and shaped by learned priorities based on personal experience and evolutionary adaptations→ Knowledge, expectations, goals drive allocation of attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bottom-up control (stimulus-driven control):

A

Your reaction is stimulus-driven which is much less dependent on current behavioral goals→ Sensory input captures attention allocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The mechanisms that determine where and on what our attention is focused are referred to as ___ and they involve widespread but highly specific cortical and subcortical networks that interact so that we can selectively process information

A

attentional control mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Overt (obvious) attention:

A

focusing and perceiving what eyes are fixated on→ eye gaze direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Covert (underCOVER) attention:

A

focusing and perceiving things outside of foveation→ attention directed without changes in eye, head, or body orientation

28
Q

2 parts of Overt (obvious) attention

A

Fixation: directing fovea to a particular spot
Saccades: movement of eyes, shifting fovea to different spots

29
Q

Endogenous cueing:

A

An experimental method that uses a symbolic cue (e.g., arrow) to induce or instruct participants to voluntarily (i.e., endogenously) direct attention according to task requirements→ where the orienting of attention to the cue is voluntary and driven by the participant’s goals (here, compliance with the instructions) and the meaning of the cue.

30
Q

Exogenous cueing (reflexive cueing):

A

An experimental method that uses an external (i.e., exogenous) sensory stimulus (e.g., flash of light) to automatically attract attention without voluntary control→ automatically captures attention because of its physical features (e.g., a flash of light; see “Reflexive Visuospatial Attention”)

31
Q

What is the difference between early selection and late selection models of attention?

A

Early selection: stimulus can be selected for further processing or be tossed out as irrelevant before perceptual analysis of the stimulus is complete.
Late selection: the perceptual system first processes all inputs equally, and then selection takes place at higher stages of information processing that determine whether the stimuli gain access to awareness, are encoded in memory, or initiate a response.

32
Q

Cocktail party phenomenon:

A

Selective auditory attention enables you to participate in a conversation at a busy restaurant or party while ignoring the rest of the sounds around you.

33
Q

Dichotic listening:

A

presenting different inputs to each ear

34
Q

Reflexive attention

A

is automatic and is activated by stimuli that are conspicuous in some way. The more salient the stimulus, the more easily our attention is captured

35
Q

inhibition of return (IOR)

A

the phenomenon in which the recently reflexively attended location becomes inhibited over time such that responses to stimuli occurring there are slowed.
inhibition (restraint/restriction) of the return of attention to that location

36
Q

Cueing tasks:

A

the focus of attention is manipulated by the information in the cue→ One way of measuring the effect of attention on information processing is to examine how participants respond to target stimuli under differing conditions of the attention.

37
Q

Visual search:

A

finding a specific stimulus in a mix of multiple stimuli

38
Q

Conjunction search:

A

a search for an object in an array that combines two or more features→ If the target shares features with the distractors, however, so that it cannot be distinguished by a single feature, then the time it takes to determine whether the target is present or absent in the array increases with the number of distractors in the array

39
Q

Pop-out search:

A

a search for an object in an array that can be identified by one feature→ This phenomenon is called pop-out because the red O literally appears to pop out of the array of green letters on the basis of its color alone.

40
Q

a kind of spotlight of spatial attention is employed during visual search and revealing the neural basis of that effect:

A

modulations of early cortical visual processing.

41
Q

Biased competition model for selective attention:

A

the idea is that when different stimuli in a visual scene fall within the receptive field of a visual neuron, the bottom-up signals from the two stimuli compete like two snarling dogs to control the neuron’s firing.

42
Q

How do the dorsal and ventral fronto-parietal networks align with those distinctions between kinds of selective attention discussed earlier?

A

Dorsal fronto-parietal network: goal-directed (top-down)

Ventral fronto-parietal network: stimulus directed (bottom-up)

43
Q

When the participant attended and responded to the stimulus, a network of dorsal frontal and parietal cortical regions showed increased activity. These regions together are now called the

A

dorsal attention network

44
Q

According to Corbett and his colleagues, this reaction to salient, unexpected, or novel stimuli is supported by the

A

ventral attention network

45
Q

The ventral attention network is strongly lateralized to the __, and it includes the ___and the inferior and middle frontal gyri of the ventral frontal cortex.

A 
right hemisphere
temporoparietal junction (TPJ)
46
Q

Spatial neglect / hemineglect:

A

A failure to acknowledge, explore, or respond to stimuli located on contralesional side of space→ Typically expressed by ‘ignoring’ left side of objects

47
Q

What is Bálint’s syndrome?

A

Patients with Bálint’s syndrome have three main deficits characteristic of the disorder: difficulty perceiving the visual field as a whole scene, an inability to guide eye movements voluntarily, and difficulty reaching to grab

48
Q

Simultagnosia:

A

inability to perceive more than one object at a time during a single fixation→ is a difficulty in perceiving the visual field as a whole scene, such as when the patient saw only the comb or the spoon, but not both at the same time

49
Q

Optic ataxia:

A

misreaching for objects→ a problem in making visually guided hand movements: If the doctor had asked the Bálint’s patient to reach out and grasp the comb, the patient would have had a difficult time moving his hand through space toward the object.

50
Q

Ocular apraxia:

A

disorganization of voluntary eye movements→ is a deficit in making eye movements (saccades) to scan the visual field, resulting in the inability to guide eye movements voluntarily: When the physician overlapped the spoon and comb in space the Bálint’s patient should have been able, given his direction of gaze, to see both objects, but he could not.

51
Q

object-based selective attention

A

The study contrasted attention to location (spatial attention) with attention to objects (object-based attention). Holding spatial distance constant, he discovered that two perceptual judgments concerning the same object could be made simultaneously without loss of accuracy, whereas the same two judgments about different objects could not.
For instance, in a split second, you can process that a dog is big and brown, but when two dogs are present, processing that one is big and the other is brown takes longer.

52
Q

Without his ___ HM could not form new

A

medial temporal lobe

new long-term memories

53
Q

habituated response→

A

Where something that you initially respond to very strongly with suddenly becomes sort of like not very strong or you know we don’t see any behavioral response to it.
The stimulus is presence so often that it doesn’t elicit the same behavioral response anymore partially because maybe there’s just not enough sort of neural stimulation for that to happen

54
Q

Hebbian assemblies:

A

“cells that fire together wire together”

55
Q

Hebb proposed that ____. This learning theory has been dubbed Hebbian learning.

A

the mechanism underlying learning was the strengthening of synaptic connections that results when a weak input and a strong input act on a cell at the same time.

56
Q

In Hebbian learning, if a synapse is active when a ___ is active, the synapse will be strengthened. Long-term potentiation is the long-term strengthening of a synapse.

A

postsynaptic neuron

57
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

Long-lasting increase in synaptic activation

58
Q

What are the three main properties associated with LTP?

A
  1. Cooperativity: More than one input must be active at the same time.
  2. Associativity: Weak inputs are potentiated when co-occurring with stronger inputs.
  3. Specificity: Only the stimulated synapse shows potentiation.
59
Q

What is working memory? How do some people distinguish this from short-term memory?

A

Short-term memory: a storage capacity just after sensory memory
working memory: extends the concept of short-term memory: It contains information that can be acted on and processed, not merely maintained by rehearsal

60
Q

Episodic memory:

A

Contains information specific to the time and place of acquisition
self as the agent or recipient of some action.

61
Q

Semantic memory:

A

Facts we know about the world without contextual information

62
Q

Damage to the ___ outside of the hippocampus can produce the loss of semantic memory, even while the ability to acquire new episodic memories remains intact.

A

temporal lobe

63
Q

Subsequent memory effect:

A

items that are remembered during recall are associated with more activity at encoding

64
Q

What is the distinction between recollection and familiarity-based retrieval?

A

Recollection vs Recognition
encoding processes that merely identify an item as being familiar (recognition) and encoding processes that correctly identify the item as having been seen before (recollection) depend on different regions of the medial temporal lobes

65
Q

remember/know paradigm

A

“I remember when” vs. “I know that”:
Remember – can remember personal episode related to the subject
Know – have knowledge of what subject is but no specific episodes

Cognitive Neuroscience (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions