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Physical Geography - Coasts > Coasts - Coastal management > Flashcards

Coasts - Coastal management Flashcards

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1
Q

How many people lived within the coastal zone in 1999?

A

16.9 million

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2
Q

How much of UK manufacturing lies close to the coast?

A

40%

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3
Q

How much of coastal land is built on?

A

30%

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4
Q

What are the reasons for coastal management?

A
  • Coastal Erosion
  • Coastal Flooding
  • Failure of previous defences
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5
Q

What is hold the line?

A

Maintain current defences

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6
Q

What is advance the line?

A

Build new defences seaward of existing line

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7
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

Allow the coastline to retreat due to flooding and erosion but closely manage the rate and location of the retreat

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8
Q

What is ‘do nothing’?

A

Low value areas left to natural coastal processes as not deemed viable to spend on defences

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9
Q

What are the social factors taken into account for coastal management?

A
  • Number of residents
  • Use of the land
  • Who is impacted if it is damaged
  • Effect of downdrift land (eroded)
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10
Q

What are the economic factors taken into account?

A
  • Value of land
  • Cost of defences
  • Cost of maintenance
  • Value of business and connections in the area
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11
Q

What are the environmental factors taken into account?

A
  • Impact on surrounding land
  • Current state of the coast
  • Habitats and environment concerned
  • Unique landforms
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12
Q

What are the political factors taken into account?

A
  • What are the alternatives?
  • Objections/opinions
  • Likelihood of success
  • Taking into account opinions of stakeholder
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13
Q

What is tangible cost benefit analysis?

A

When costs and benefits are known and can be given as a value

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14
Q

What is intangible cost benefit analysis?

A

Where costs may be difficult to assess but are more important (e.g. visual impact)

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15
Q

What are the steps in cost benefit analysis?

A

-Where is the issue?
-What are causes and effects?
-Who is affected?
-What should be done?
-Is solution technically viable and environmentally acceptable?
-What is cost benefit?
etc.

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16
Q

What are sea walls?

A

Concrete or stone walls at the foot of a cliff, or at the top of a beach. Usually have a curved face to reflect waves back to sea

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17
Q

What are the advantages of sea walls?

A
  • Protects high value land

- Can prevent flooding

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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of sea walls?

A
  • Eyesore to the locals and tourists
  • Expensive to build and maintain
  • Produce strong backwash, undercutting it
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19
Q

What are groynes?

A

Timber or rock structures built at right angles to coast. Trap sediment being moved along the coast by longshore drift, building up beach

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20
Q

What are the advantages of groynes?

A
  • Very effective for building beach
  • Prevents sediment moving by LSD
  • Allows a natural defence to build up
21
Q

What are the disadvantages of groynes?

A
  • Remove a lot of sediment from downdrift

- Other beaches left vulnerable to erosion

22
Q

What are gabions?

A

Bundles of rock in mesh cages at base of cliff to reduce impact of waves and prevent cliffs being undercut

23
Q

On average how much is the sea level rising per year?

A

3mm

24
Q

What factors need considering for coastal management?

A
  • Who is impacted
  • Is there ecological importance
  • Cost of defence
  • What are the alternatives
  • Likelihood of success
  • What is the value of the area economically
25
Q

What is a Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)?

A

CBA carried out before a coastal-management project is given the go ahead. Costs are forecast and compared with expected benefits.

26
Q

For a CBA what happens if costs exceed the benefits?

A

The project is unlikely to be given permission to go ahead.

27
Q

What are some intangible factors that need to be considered for accurate CBA?

A
  • Cost of sea defence
  • Maintenance of defence
  • How many people will be affected
  • How long will it last
  • Value of roads, infrastructure, transport systems
  • Value of land
  • People relocation costs
  • Economic output of place
28
Q

What are some tangible factors that need to be considered for accurate CBA?

A
  • Effect on the environment + environmental alternatives
  • Visual impact + appearance (is subjective)
  • Lifestyle changes
  • The value of historical importance
29
Q

Historically these analyses for projects weren’t conducted, what issues may have this caused?

A
  • No regard for knock on impacts
  • They may not be sustainable
  • Didn’t know what would happen elsewhere if one place was protected
30
Q

How long are current sea defences meant to last for?

A

100 years, but this is unlikely due to climate change and sea level rise.

31
Q

How many sediment cells are there in the UK?

A

11

32
Q

How many SMPs are there around the coast of England and Wales?

A

22

33
Q

What are Shoreline Management Plans designed for?

A

To identify the most sustainable approach to managing flood and coastal erosion risks to the coastline. Views it as a system because it considers the future.

34
Q

How do SMPs work?

A

The coastline is split into sediment cells and for each cell or sub-cell a plan is devised for how to manage different areas with the aim of protecting important sites without causing problems elsewhere in the sediment cell.

35
Q

What are the coastal management options for an SMP?

A
  • Do nothing
  • Hold the line
  • Advance the line
  • Managed retreat/realignment
36
Q

How do the authorities function in an SMP?

A

All the local authorities in one sediment cell co-operate in comping up with an SMP.

37
Q

SMPs take a …

A

holistic view of coastal management meaning it takes account of everything.

38
Q

When were SMPs introduced?

A

1992

39
Q

What are some SMPs aims?

A
  • Assess the risk associated with coastal evolution (consequences considered, future-proof)
  • Address risks in sustainable way (less damage for future generations + less waste)
  • Ensure management plans comply with nature conservation (ecosystems not destroyed)
  • Provide policy for coastal management (legally must be followed)
  • Assess risks to developed, natural and historic environments (+ weighs it)
  • ‘Live’ documents which are constantly reviewed (up to date + things change)
  • Promote long term management policies into 22nd century (limit need for rebuilding in future + think if it will work long term)
40
Q

When were Integrated Coastal Zone Management plans (ICZMs) created?

A

1992 after the UN Earth Summit

41
Q

What are ICZMs designed for?

A

To consider all elements of the coastal system (e.g. land, water, people, the economy) when coming up with a management strategy.
-Integrates the interest of all stakeholders to avoid problems like a sectoral management approach and inefficient use of resources

42
Q

What do ICZMs aim to do?

A

Protect the coastal zone in a relatively natural state, whilst allowing people to use it and develop it in different ways.

  • Aims to co-ordinate policies that affect the coastal zone and the activities that take place there including nature conservation/protection, tourism, fishing and developments to adapt to and mitigate climate change.
  • Contribute to sustainable development by employing an ecosystem-based approach that operate within the limits of natural resources and ecosystems.
43
Q

Why are all stakeholders involved in ICZMs?

A

It’s important to involve stakeholders across the different sectors to ensure broad support for the implementation of management strategies.

44
Q

In what ways are ICZMs integrated?

A
  • Environment viewed as a whole - the land and water are interdependent
  • Different uses are considered, e.g. fishing, industry, tourism
  • Local, regional and national levels of authority have an input into the plan.
45
Q

What type of strategy are ICZMs?

A

They are dynamic because decisions are re-evaluated if the environment or demand on the area change.

46
Q

What is the cycle of integrated coastal zone management?

A
  • Planning
  • Decision-making
  • Managing and monitoring of implementation
  • Information collection
47
Q

If conducted properly what should ICZMs achieve?

A

To operate in a cycle with each stage generating feedback to be addressed by the following stage.

48
Q

What are the hard engineering approaches to coastal management?

A
  • Sea walls
  • Rock armour
  • Gabions
  • Revetments
  • Groynes
  • Cliff fixing
  • Offshore reefs
  • Barrages
49
Q

What are the soft engineering approaches to coastal management?

A
  • Beach nourishment
  • Dune regeneration
  • Managed retreat/coastal realignment
  • Land-use management
  • Do-nothing

Physical Geography - Coasts (6 decks)

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