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Physical Geography - Coasts > Coasts - Coastal landscape development > Flashcards

Coasts - Coastal landscape development Flashcards

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1
Q

How is a wave cut platform formed?

A
  • Waves breaking at foot of cliff form wave cut notch
  • Undercutting is result of erosion by waves
  • As undercutting continues, rock above collapses and cliff gradually retreats
  • A sloping rocky platform is left behind, the wave cut platform, covered at high tide
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2
Q

What effect do wave cut platforms have on the rate of erosion?

A
  • They affect the wave’s ability to erode the cliff because they have further to travel in shallow water
  • They break earlier and dissipate their energy, reducing rates of erosion
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3
Q

What type of process is soil creep?

A

Creep/flow

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4
Q

What type of process is mudflow?

A

Flow

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5
Q

What type of process is run off?

A

Flow

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6
Q

What type of process is landslide/slump?

A

Slide

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7
Q

What type of process is rockfall?

A

Fall

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8
Q

How does soil creep occur?

A

Slow form of movement of individual soil particles moving down a hill or slope, slow

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9
Q

How does mudflow occur?

A

Earth and mud flowing down a slope or hill, fast

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10
Q

How does run off occur?

A

A type of flow from one store (rockface) to another (beach or sea)

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11
Q

How does landslide/slump occur?

A

Where material slides on a curved surface over weak and unconsolidated rock (loosely - particles not held together)

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12
Q

How does rockfall occur?

A

Sudden form of collapse or breaking away of rocks from a cliff face

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13
Q

Where are two examples of wave cut platforms outside the UK?

A
  • Collaroy Beach, New South Wales, Australia

- Fisherman’s Rock, NZ

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14
Q

Where are two examples of cliffs located outside the UK?

A
  • Ketubjorg Cliffs, Iceland

- Dryholaey, Iceland

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15
Q

Where are two examples of caves located outside the UK?

A
  • Punta de Arucas, Spain

- Waiahuakua Cave, Hawaii

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16
Q

Where are two examples of arches located outside the UK?

A
  • Es Pontas Arch, Mallorca, Spain

- The Azure Window, Malta

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17
Q

Where are two examples of stacks located outside the U.K.?

A
  • Stacks in Dryholaey, Iceland

- Twelve Apostles Stacks, Victoria, Australia

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18
Q

Where are two examples of stumps located outside the UK?

A
  • Faro, off the coast of Sweden

- Bay of Naples, Italy

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19
Q

How is a stack formed?

A
  • Headland is attacked by waves along lines of weakness
  • The erosion exploits a weakness, forming a cave
  • If the weakness runs through the headland, two caves may form back to back
  • Eventually an arch is formed
  • Wave attack continues at the base of the arch until it collapses, leaving a stack
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20
Q

How is a stump formed?

A

When a stack is continually eroded until it collapses

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21
Q

In what conditions do slash aligned beaches form?

A

When waves break parallel to the coast

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22
Q

In what conditions do drift aligned beached form?

A

When longshore drift moves material down the coast, producing a range of partially detached features

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23
Q

In what conditions do sand dunes form?

A

When dry material from flat, open beaches is blown inland

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24
Q

In what conditions do mudflats and slat marshes form?

A

When finer material stacks together in the shallow water of estuaries

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25
Q

When do beach cusps occur?

A

Where the coarser material at the top of the beach absorbs wave swash

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26
Q

Where do bay head beaches build up?

A

In sheltered, low energy environments of coves. Wave refraction focuses erosion on the surrounding eadands, encouraging deposition in the bay

27
Q

Where do bay bars form?

A

Across estuaries, blocking off rivers - where there is a gap

28
Q

Where do barrier beaches form?

A

Where waves recycle offshore material - where there is a gap in the coastline

29
Q

How do drift aligned beaches develop?

A

Where waves approach the coastline at an angle, the swash moves material up the beach in that direction, and the backwash returns at right angles - LONGSHORE DRIFT

30
Q

How do swash aligned beaches develop?

A

When waves break parallel with the coast, the movement of water an material is largely up and down the beach.

31
Q

What features arise from swash aligned beaches?

A

Bay head beaches
Bay bars
Barrier beaches

32
Q

What features develop from drift aligned beaches?

A
  • Spits
  • Recurved spits (curved end)
  • Tombolos
33
Q

What are tombolos?

A

When spits extend from the coasts to an island

34
Q

When does deposition occur?

A

When there is insufficient energy to move sediments further in low energy environments

35
Q

Where do runnels form?

A

Close to low water marks, separating pools of standing water at low tide

36
Q

Where do ripples form?

A

Small marks that appear where the slope of the beach increases and where the tide moves over the beach

37
Q

How does pebble size change up the beach?

A

Bigger, heavier pebbles are found further up the beach because more energy is required to transport them. Smaller lighter ones are further up to the backshore.

38
Q

What are the features of swash aligned beaches?

A
  • Beaches can be large, especially if facing into prevailing wind
  • Landforms are created by offshore sediment
  • Found right at the back of bays due to wave refraction
39
Q

What are the features of drift aligned beaches?

A
  • Pebbles and sand drift along because of wind direction

- Landforms created by material moved along beach by LSD

40
Q

What is a spit?

A

A long, narrow feature that extends from the mainland at the end of a drift aligned beach

41
Q

Why does a recurved end occur on a spit?

A

Wave refraction and a second dominant wind force material to move in a different direction

42
Q

What are examples of tombolos?

A
  • Isle of Purbeck, UK

- Angel Road, Shodo Island

43
Q

In what conditions do tombolos form?

A
  • Island close to mainland
  • Area of shallow water
  • Preferential supply of sediment (cliff erosion)
  • Small, low energy waves
  • Sheltered area
  • Consistent prevailing wind
44
Q

What is a wave-cut platform?

A

A gently sloping (less than 5 degrees), relatively smooth, marine platform caused by abrasion at the base of the cliff.

45
Q

What is a bar?

A

When a spit develops across a bay where there is no strong flow of water from the landward side, and sediment travels to reach across to the other side of the bay, creating a lagoon behind the bar.

46
Q

What is eustatic change?

A

A global change in sea level resulting from an actual fall or rise in the level of the sea itself.

47
Q

What is isostatic change?

A

Local changes in sea level resulting from the land rising or falling relative to the sea.

48
Q

What is a fjord?

A
  • Submergent landform

- Former glacial valley drowned by rising sea levels.

49
Q

What are raised beaches?

A
  • Emergent landform

- Areas of former wave-cut platforms and their beaches which are at a level higher than the present sea level.

50
Q

What is a ria?

A
  • Submergent landform

- Former river valley drowned by rising sea levels.

51
Q

What are dalmation coasts?

A
  • Submergent landform
  • A series of longitudinal river valleys next to the coast that have been flooded by rising sea level leaving parallel ranges of watershed ridges as islands.
52
Q

What are emergent landforms?

A

Appear towards the end of an ice age and occur when isostatic rebound takes place faster than eustatic rise in sea level. = land height rising faster than sea.

53
Q

What are submergent landforms?

A

When eustatic rise in sea level happens faster than the isostatic rebound after an ice age. Water starts to flood the land + landforms on land.

54
Q

What are marine platforms/terraces?

A

-Emergent landform
-Wave-cut platform that now exists as an extensive flat area in front of a relict cliff above the wave action.
Form as a result of isostatic recovery.

55
Q

What are relict/fossil cliffs?

A
  • Emergent landform
  • An old cliff above the current sea level displaying features like caves, arches + stacks.
  • Caused by isostatic rebound.
56
Q

What are saltmarshes?

A

A saltmarsh is an area of coastal grassland that is regularly flooded by seawater.

57
Q

What are mudflats?

A

Mudflats are created by the deposition of fine silts and clays in sheltered low energy environments like estuaries.

58
Q

What is the difference between saltmarshes and mudflats?

A

Saltmarshes have more vegetation and mudflats are more common.

59
Q

What are pioneer species?

A

Species that first colonize new, barren habitats created by disturbance, they are hardy e.g. marram grass and lyme grass.

60
Q

What are halophytes?

A

A salt tolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity, coming into contact with salt water through their roots or salt spray e.g. swamps + marshes. Tolerant to periodic soaking of the sea.

61
Q

What is flocculation?

A

Deposition due to particles clumping together.
-As sediment is dropped its charged particles like clay + polymers clump together to form flocs - deposition as they are attracted to each other. .

62
Q

What is succession?

A

A vegetation sequence developed over time, it is the changing phases of dominant plant species.

63
Q

What is the process of succession (saltmarshes)?

A
  • Deposition of clay/silt
  • Grasses begin to grow (e.g. eel grass which slows current further), leading to more deposition
  • Gradually marsh gets higher
  • Plants die and nutrients added via decomposition
  • More plants and new plants grow as the conditions improve due to more nutrients
  • Sea aster and sea lavender start to grow as they can’t tolerate submergence due to them being less adapted (like halophytes)
  • Eventually a ‘terrestrial ecosystem’ forms with tress, etc, and creates land.

Physical Geography - Coasts (6 decks)

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