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Geography Case Studies > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What are examples of submergent and emergent coasts

A
  1. emergent = raised beaches, West Scotland
  2. submergent = fjords, Norway
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2
Q

What are some examples of igneous rocks

A
  1. granite
  2. diorite
  3. basalt
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3
Q

What are some examples of sedimentary rocks

A
  1. limestone
  2. sandstone
  3. chalk
  4. shale
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4
Q

What are some examples of metamorphic rocks

A
  1. marble
  2. schist
  3. gneiss
  4. slate
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5
Q

What are some examples of unconsolidated materials

A
  1. boulder clay
  2. glacial till
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6
Q

Which parts of the UK have a resistant, rocky coastlines

A
  1. West Coast
  2. Cornwall
  3. North West Scotland
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7
Q

Which parts of the UK have a coastal plains landscapes

A
  1. Eastern Coast
  2. East Anglia
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8
Q

What are some pioneer species in psammosere succession

A
  1. marram grass
  2. sand couch-grass
  3. lyme grass
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9
Q

what is burrowing

A

when animals create holes in the ground, exposing rocks to the environment

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10
Q

what is root action

A

when roots grow into cracks and fissures, forcing the rocks apart

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11
Q

what can root action cause regarding mass movement

A

rockfall on vegetated cliff tops

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12
Q

what is carbonation

A

the slow dissolution of limestone due to weak acidic rainfall, carating calcium bicarbonate

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13
Q

what isostatic changes are occuring around the UK

A

the unloading of ice sheets in the north causes the crust to rise. Which causes the south to sink

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14
Q

what are relict features

A

when erosional processes are halted due to the beach being raised, leaving erosional features like caves, stacks, arches

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15
Q

how many megacities exist

A

33 megacities

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16
Q

how fast are sea levels rising in Kiribati

A

1.2cm/year

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17
Q

How has the Kiribati Government tackling the threats of sea level rise

A
  1. bought land in Fiji
  2. made agreements with neighbouring countries to allow climate migration
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18
Q

why is Jakarta sinking

A

inhabitants are illegally draining underground aquifers due to a lack of acces to public drnking water

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19
Q

What is the rate of subsidence in Jakarta

A

25cm/year

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20
Q

what problems does the Holderness coast face

A
  1. boulder clay makes up majority of the coast
  2. LSD transports sediment downstream
  3. deep water=faster waves
  4. large fetch from northern winds
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21
Q

What did the Aksombo Dam (Ghana, 1985) change river sediment to from 70 million m^3/year

A

less than 7 million m^3/year

22
Q

What did the Aswan High Dam (1960) cause a drop in river discharge from 35 billion m^3/year to

A

10 billion m^3/year

23
Q

By how much have large areas of the Bangladesh coast subsidised by

A

1.5 meters (caused by isostaty)

24
Q

What % of people in Bangladesh live 10 meters from the coast

A

45%

25
Q

When was Cyclone Sidr

A

15 November 2007

26
Q

How high was the Cyclone Sidr’s (15/11/07) storm surge

A

6 meters

27
Q

What was the total cost of Cyclone Sidr (15/11/07)

A

$1.7 billion

28
Q

what was destroyed by Cyclone Sidr (15/11/07)

A
  1. high winds damaged housing, roads, bridges
  2. electricity supplies and communications were knocked out
  3. wells were flooded by salt water
29
Q

When was Hurricane Sandy

A

2012

30
Q

How many people were killed by Hurricane Sandy (2012) in the USA, Haiti, Cuba, and the Caribbean

A

286

31
Q

How many homes were destroyed by Hurricane Sandy (2012) in New Jersey

A

346,000

32
Q

What is being done to protect the coastline in Bacton, North Norfolk

A
  1. sandscaping
  2. beach regeneration
33
Q

How much is beach regeneration in Bacton costing

A

£20,000,000

34
Q

What are the advantages of protecting Bacton

A
  1. safeguards Bacton Terminal (supplies 1/3 of gas)
  2. defends the villages of Bacton and Walcott
  3. becomes a natural cliff defence
35
Q

What are the disadvantages of protecting Bacton

A
  1. no access to the beach during construction
  2. sand will be unstable
  3. ongoing maintenance cost
36
Q

What comprises the ‘hold the line’ approach in Borth, Wales, to combat flooding

A
  1. large offshore rock reef
  2. 2 large rock groynes
  3. 2 large breakwater armours
  4. beach nourishment
37
Q

How much does Borth’s hold the line approach cost

A

£12,000,000

38
Q

What are the advantages of the ‘hold the line’ approach in Borth

A
  1. protects Borth
  2. protects large nature reserve and wetland
  3. protects 3,000 permanent residents
39
Q

What environmental factors were considered by the developers regarding the ‘hold the line’ approach in Borth

A

preserved the sea view and impacts on natural habitats

40
Q

what approach is being used at the Steart Marshes, Bridgewater, Somerset

A

do nothing and allow flooding

41
Q

What is the cost of the ‘do nothing’ approach at the Steart Marshes

A

£20,000,000

42
Q

What are the advantages of the ‘do nothing’ approach in the Steart Marshes

A
  1. cheap
  2. creates salt marshes
  3. advance the line approach that involves nature
  4. farmers are compensated for their lost land
43
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Steart Marshes ‘do nothing’ approach

A
  1. local opposition
  2. land is reclaimed by the sea
  3. mayoral opposition
44
Q

What Welsh town has a ‘do nothing’ approach

A

Fairbourne

45
Q

What comprises the ‘hold the line’ approach in Rossall, Blackpool

A
  1. revetments
  2. sea wall
  3. promenade
  4. rear wall
  5. flood water channel
  6. rock armour
46
Q

How much has been spent on sea defences over 3 years in Blackpool

A

£150,000,000

47
Q

What are the advantages of the ‘hold the line’ approach in Rossall, Blackpool

A
  1. 7,500 properties are protected
  2. groynes rebuild the beach
  3. sea walls have a 100 year lifespan
48
Q

What are the disadvantages of the ‘hold the line’ approach in Rossall, Blackpool

A
  1. difficult to access the beach
  2. visual pollution
  3. tourism reduction
  4. rat and litter infestation
49
Q

What issues does the coastline of Odisha, India face

A
  1. in the path of tropical storms
  2. vulnerable to sea level rise, coastal erosion, storm surges
50
Q

What is being done in Odisha, India to protect the coastline

A
  1. built earth embankments
  2. planted millions of mangroves
  3. pioneered ICZM
51
Q

How are people protecting the coastline in Odisha, India

A
  1. educated people/ gave them jobs that were sustainable (boatmen, guides, dolphin spotters)
  2. compensated fishers when they were prohibited to fish at certain times of the year

Geography Case Studies (8 decks)

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