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Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of submergent and emergent coasts

A
  1. emergent = raised beaches, West Scotland
  2. submergent = fjords, Norway
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2
Q

What are some examples of igneous rocks

A
  1. granite
  2. diorite
  3. basalt
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3
Q

What are some examples of sedimentary rocks

A
  1. limestone
  2. sandstone
  3. chalk
  4. shale
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4
Q

What are some examples of metamorphic rocks

A
  1. marble
  2. schist
  3. gneiss
  4. slate
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5
Q

What are some examples of unconsolidated materials

A
  1. boulder clay
  2. glacial till
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6
Q

Which parts of the UK have a resistant, rocky coastlines

A
  1. West Coast
  2. Cornwall
  3. North West Scotland
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7
Q

Which parts of the UK have a coastal plains landscapes

A
  1. Eastern Coast
  2. East Anglia
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8
Q

What are some pioneer species in psammosere succession

A
  1. marram grass
  2. sand couch-grass
  3. lyme grass
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9
Q

what is burrowing

A

when animals create holes in the ground, exposing rocks to the environment

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10
Q

what is root action

A

when roots grow into cracks and fissures, forcing the rocks apart

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11
Q

what can root action cause regarding mass movement

A

rockfall on vegetated cliff tops

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12
Q

what is carbonation

A

the slow dissolution of limestone due to weak acidic rainfall, carating calcium bicarbonate

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13
Q

what isostatic changes are occuring around the UK

A

the unloading of ice sheets in the north causes the crust to rise. Which causes the south to sink

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14
Q

what are relict features

A

when erosional processes are halted due to the beach being raised, leaving erosional features like caves, stacks, arches

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15
Q

how many megacities exist

A

33 megacities

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16
Q

how fast are sea levels rising in Kiribati

A

1.2cm/year

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17
Q

How has the Kiribati Government tackling the threats of sea level rise

A
  1. bought land in Fiji
  2. made agreements with neighbouring countries to allow climate migration
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18
Q

why is Jakarta sinking

A

inhabitants are illegally draining underground aquifers due to a lack of acces to public drnking water

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19
Q

What is the rate of subsidence in Jakarta

A

25cm/year

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20
Q

what problems does the Holderness coast face

A
  1. boulder clay makes up majority of the coast
  2. LSD transports sediment downstream
  3. deep water=faster waves
  4. large fetch from northern winds
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21
Q

What did the Aksombo Dam (Ghana, 1985) change river sediment to from 70 million m^3/year

A

less than 7 million m^3/year

22
Q

What did the Aswan High Dam (1960) cause a drop in river discharge from 35 billion m^3/year to

A

10 billion m^3/year

23
Q

By how much have large areas of the Bangladesh coast subsidised by

A

1.5 meters (caused by isostaty)

24
Q

What % of people in Bangladesh live 10 meters from the coast

25
When was Cyclone Sidr
15 November 2007
26
How high was the Cyclone Sidr's (15/11/07) storm surge
6 meters
27
What was the total cost of Cyclone Sidr (15/11/07)
$1.7 billion
28
what was destroyed by Cyclone Sidr (15/11/07)
1. high winds damaged housing, roads, bridges 2. electricity supplies and communications were knocked out 3. wells were flooded by salt water
29
When was Hurricane Sandy
2012
30
How many people were killed by Hurricane Sandy (2012) in the USA, Haiti, Cuba, and the Caribbean
286
31
How many homes were destroyed by Hurricane Sandy (2012) in New Jersey
346,000
32
What is being done to protect the coastline in Bacton, North Norfolk
1. sandscaping 2. beach regeneration
33
How much is beach regeneration in Bacton costing
£20,000,000
34
What are the advantages of protecting Bacton
1. safeguards Bacton Terminal (supplies 1/3 of gas) 2. defends the villages of Bacton and Walcott 3. becomes a natural cliff defence
35
What are the disadvantages of protecting Bacton
1. no access to the beach during construction 2. sand will be unstable 3. ongoing maintenance cost
36
What comprises the 'hold the line' approach in Borth, Wales, to combat flooding
1. large offshore rock reef 2. 2 large rock groynes 3. 2 large breakwater armours 4. beach nourishment
37
How much does Borth's hold the line approach cost
£12,000,000
38
What are the advantages of the 'hold the line' approach in Borth
1. protects Borth 2. protects large nature reserve and wetland 3. protects 3,000 permanent residents
39
What environmental factors were considered by the developers regarding the 'hold the line' approach in Borth
preserved the sea view and impacts on natural habitats
40
what approach is being used at the Steart Marshes, Bridgewater, Somerset
do nothing and allow flooding
41
What is the cost of the 'do nothing' approach at the Steart Marshes
£20,000,000
42
What are the advantages of the 'do nothing' approach in the Steart Marshes
1. cheap 2. creates salt marshes 3. advance the line approach that involves nature 4. farmers are compensated for their lost land
43
What are the disadvantages of the Steart Marshes 'do nothing' approach
1. local opposition 2. land is reclaimed by the sea 3. mayoral opposition
44
What Welsh town has a 'do nothing' approach
Fairbourne
45
What comprises the 'hold the line' approach in Rossall, Blackpool
1. revetments 2. sea wall 3. promenade 4. rear wall 5. flood water channel 6. rock armour
46
How much has been spent on sea defences over 3 years in Blackpool
£150,000,000
47
What are the advantages of the 'hold the line' approach in Rossall, Blackpool
1. 7,500 properties are protected 2. groynes rebuild the beach 3. sea walls have a 100 year lifespan
48
What are the disadvantages of the 'hold the line' approach in Rossall, Blackpool
1. difficult to access the beach 2. visual pollution 3. tourism reduction 4. rat and litter infestation
49
What issues does the coastline of Odisha, India face
1. in the path of tropical storms 2. vulnerable to sea level rise, coastal erosion, storm surges
50
What is being done in Odisha, India to protect the coastline
1. built earth embankments 2. planted millions of mangroves 3. pioneered ICZM
51
How are people protecting the coastline in Odisha, India
1. educated people/ gave them jobs that were sustainable (boatmen, guides, dolphin spotters) 2. compensated fishers when they were prohibited to fish at certain times of the year

Geography Case Studies (8 decks)

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