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Geography Case Studies > Carbon > Flashcards

Carbon Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some examples of carbon-rich rocks

A
  1. limestone
  2. chalk
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2
Q

Which mountain range is over a collision margin

A

the Himalayas

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3
Q

How much carboin is in the lithosphere

A

99.985%

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4
Q

What are the forms of carbon in the lithosphere

A
  1. sedimentary rocks
  2. organic carbon
  3. fossil fuels
  4. marine sediments
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5
Q

how much of the worlds oxygen that humans need to breathe is produced by phytoplankton

A

over 50%

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6
Q

why do coccolithophores and foraminifera transport the most carbon to seafloor sediments

A
  1. reproduce quickly when nutrients are available
  2. once nutrients are used up trillions die and sink
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7
Q

What is a local example of limestone calcium carbonate sediments that were deep ocean sediments years ago

A

White Cliffs of Dover

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8
Q

How do the White Cliffs of Dover return carbon to the oceans

A

through erosion and weathering

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9
Q

how much carbon is stored in soil

A

over 2,700 Gigatonnes (Gt)

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10
Q

how much Gt of CO2 has been lost from the world’s soil since the dawn of agriculture

A

133 Gigatonnes (8% of historical stocks)

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11
Q

how much more food needs to be produced by 2050 to feed c.9bn people

A

70% more food

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12
Q

how much carbon does permafrost store

A

1,600 billion tonnes (double the atmospheric amount)

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13
Q

by how much has the Arctic warmed by since the 1970s

A

4 times the global average

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14
Q

what % of gas imports to the UK were from Russia in 2021

A

4% of the total gas supply

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15
Q

why does the UK have one of the most reliable and diverse energy systems in the world

A

has invested £90 billion since 2012

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16
Q

how does Norway meet 96% of its energy needs for 5 million people

A

exploiting its HEP resources, and offshore oil and gas fields

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17
Q

What % of the worlds energy demand is still met through fossil fuels

A

85%

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18
Q

How much carbon does the City of London produce yearly

A

1.7 million tonnes/year

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19
Q

How much of the world’s oil reserves does OPEC own

A

2/3 (78%)

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20
Q

How much crude oil and natural gas does OPEC produce

A
  1. 45% of crude oil
  2. 15% of natural gas
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21
Q

How many barrels of oil did the USA produce in 2018

A

10 million barrels per day

22
Q

how many barrels of oil are carried through the Strait of Hormuz

A

19 million barrels per day

23
Q

What % was fracking in the USA’s gas supply in 2015

A

25% of gas supply

24
Q

By 2020, what did Petrobas want to raise its deep sea oil production to

A

500,000 barrels per day

25
Q

how much oil do Canada’s tarsands produce

A

40% of oil

26
Q

until what year can nuclear waste be put in the ground in the UK

A

2075

27
Q

how much electricity does nuclear power provide to the UK

A

20% of the UK’s electricity

28
Q

What is the worlds largest power plant

A

Kashiwazaki-Kariwa

29
Q

What % of the UK’s renewable energy mix does solar power provide to the UK

A

4.3% of the UK’s renewable energy mix

30
Q

what does one rotation of a Hornsea wind turbine do

A

power a home for a day

31
Q

How much energy is generated by the Three Gorges Dam

A

11% of China’s energy

32
Q

How many people were displaced through the creation of the Three Gorges Dam

A

1.3 million people

33
Q

How many projects use CCS to pump oil

A

30 projects

34
Q

How many EV’s were bought in 2021

A

6.6 million

35
Q

Whaat could geothermal increase to in the UK’s energy mix

A

20% (from 0.3%)

36
Q

How many deep wells are drilled in Cornwall to tap into the granite

A

2 deep wells

37
Q

How much could tidal deliver to the UK’s electricity needs

A

20% of UK’s need

38
Q

how much of its forest cover has Bourneo lost since 1950

A

50% of its forest cover

39
Q

What % of the Great Plains remains intact

A

just over 50% (366 million acres)

40
Q

What are the problems with food systems

A
  1. account for 30% of GHG emissions
  2. account for 80% of global deforestation
  3. use 70% of available freshwater
41
Q

What are the impacts of deforestation on Madagascar’s atmosphere

A
  1. evapotranspiration rates of grass lands are 1/3 of tropical rainforests
  2. reduceed oxygen content and lower transpiration rates
  3. drier air
  4. reduced shading = more sun reaching the forest floor
42
Q

What are the impacts of deforestation on Madagascar’s biosphere

A
  1. vegetation evapotranspiration is reduced
  2. biomass loss due to reduced plant growth and photosynthesis
  3. habitat decreases
  4. reduction in species diversity
43
Q

What are the impacts of deforestation on Madagascar’s soil

A
  1. CO2 released from decaying woody material
  2. less interception = soil washed from hillside
  3. raindrop impacts washes finer particles of clay and humus away
  4. biomass loss due to reduced plant growth
44
Q

What are the impacts of deforestation on Madagascar’s water cycle

A
  1. annual rainfall is reduced
  2. higher flood peaks and shorter lag times
  3. increased discharge
  4. river carrys more eroded material
  5. seasonality of rainfall is reduced
45
Q

how much carbon has the ocean absorbed since 1800

A

30% of carbon produced

46
Q

how much palm oil is produced every year

A

66 million tonnes

47
Q

how many armed conflicts occured in Indonesia due to land use rights in 2016

A

700 armed conflicts

48
Q

How many Indonesians are dependent on ecosystem services for their livelihoods

A

99 million Indonesians

49
Q

how many people rely on coral attols in the Maldives

A

220,000 people

50
Q

how many people live near mangroves

A

120 million people

51
Q

what % of annual protein consumption does fish provide 3 billion people

A

16% of annual protein consumption

Geography Case Studies (8 decks)

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