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Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the causes of rapid erosion at Holderness

A
  • Weak rock, Boulder clay
  • Powerful wave energy
  • Strong currents that carry away sediment that could have absorbed wave energy
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2
Q

What sea defence techniques are being used at the Holderness Coast?

A

Mappleton: Rock armour, Groynes
Bridlington, Hornsea, Withernsea, Easington: Sea wall, Groynes
Kilnsea: Soft engineering such as managed retreat, cannot afford other

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3
Q

Def. Hurricane

A

A powerful tropical storm with wind speeds 75+ mph

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4
Q

What are the opportunities of living on the coastline?

A
  • Trade/Ports
  • Energy (Tidal, Wind, Oil)
  • Tourism
  • Fishing
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5
Q

What are the threats of living on the coastline?

A
  • Tsunamis
  • Erosion
  • Coastal Flooding
  • Rising sea levels
  • Hurricanes
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6
Q

What are coral reefs?

A

Corals reefs are animals. They take the form of Polyps and excrete calcium to create bony, colourful structures.

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7
Q

Where are coral reefs found?

A

In tropical/sub-tropical seas and oceans.
Not further than 30 degrees north or south of the equator.

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8
Q

What are the characteristic features of corals?

A
  • Polyps excrete calcium carbonate
  • They contain algae whcih photosynthesises and lives in symbiosis with the polyps
  • They are not mobile
  • Polyps can be as small as the head of a pin, or as big as a baseball
  • They are ncknamed forest of the sea because they are so biodiverse
  • They only take up 0.1% of ocean area, but host 25% of it’s flora & fauna
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9
Q

What conditions do corals need to form?

A
  • 22 - 25 degrees celcius
  • 0-60m depth
  • Clean water
  • Sunlight
  • High salinity
  • Below tide mark
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10
Q

What are the 3 different types of coral reefs?

A
  • Fringing reef
  • Barrier reef
  • Atoll
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11
Q

What are Mangroves?

A

Trees or shrubs that live in coastal swamps, in the intertidal zone (Between high and low tide).

There are about 80 species of mangrove trees.

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12
Q

Where are Mangroves found?

A

About 25 degrees north and south of the equator.

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13
Q

What conditions do mangroves need to form?

A
  • Low oxygen soil
  • Slow moving waters (weak currents)
  • Salty water (2-90% salinity)
  • Intertidal zones (so that mangroves are submerged frequently)
  • 15-25 celsius water temperature (only remain in stable temperatures)
  • Wet/muddy soil (can also live on coral, sand and rock)
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of mangroves?

A
  • Provide buffer against tropical storms
  • Home to many species (snakes, fish, birds, frogs, crocodiles & insects, also small mammals like swamp rats, monkey and large carnivores like tigers), creates a diverse ecosystem
  • The mangrove environment is wet and muddy
  • Waxy leaves to get rid of salinity
  • They can resist being covered twice a day by seawater
  • Complex prop root systems that prop them up during high tide
  • Aerial roots to take in oxygen at low tide
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15
Q

Describe long shore drift

A
  • Swash in direction of prevailing wind
  • Back wash perpendicular to coastline
  • sediment is therefore transported in zigzag along coast
  • material deposited by constructive waves usually
  • During storm, destructives (waves?) removes more material than deposited
  • Can be stopped by Groynes
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16
Q

What are the 4 processes of transportation — Define

A

Traction - Rolling of large load
Saltation - Bouncing of smaller load
Suspension - Fine material held within water
Solution - Rocks dissolved in water

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17
Q

What are the 4 processes of erosion — Define

A

Corrosion - Material dissolved by water
Abrasion - load (like rocks) breaks away coastline
Hydraulic action - Force of current dislodges loose material
Attrition - Loads in water collide

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18
Q

What are the 3 processes of weathering — Define

A

Physical ( freeze-thaw) - material breaks due to change in temperature
Biological - plants and animals break up rocks
Chemical - Acid in rain water dissolves rock

19
Q

What is the process of mass movement — explain and define

A

Slumping - teenagers sitting in class
or
area of saturated land slips downhill

20
Q

Which factors affect waves

A
  • strength of wind
  • distance of Ocean / Fetch
  • How long time the wind is blowing
21
Q

Def. Swash

A

When a wave reaches the shore, the water that washes up a beach

22
Q

Def. Backwash

A

When a wave reaches the shore, the water that flows towards the sea

23
Q

Def. Fetch

A

The length of water over which the winds blows

24
Q

Def. Wave frequency

A

How often waves break on the shoreline.
High frequency waves are said to be more than 10 per minute

25
Q

Def. Constructive wave

A

Long and flat waves that lead to a build up of beach due to stronger swash than backwash

26
Q

Def. Destructive wave

A

Short and powerful waves that tend to erode a beach due to stronger backwash than swash

27
Q

What are the characteristics of a constructive wave

A
  • Large swash, smaller back wash
  • Flatter longer waves
  • Low frequency
28
Q

What are the characteristics of a destructive wave

A
  • Large Backwash, smaller swash
  • higher, shorter waves
  • high frequency
  • common in storm and winter
29
Q

What are the coastal processes and their definitions

A
  • Weathering: The wearing away of material in situ (in place)
  • Erosion: The wearing away and removal of material
  • Mass Movement : The movement of material down slope under force of gravity
  • Transportation : The movement of material along the coastline
  • Deposition : Where material is dropped down onto the coastline (happens when waves lose energy)
30
Q

Explain the formation of headlines and bays (5 steps)

A
  1. Discordant coastline - Hard & Soft Rock
  2. Destructive wave energy e.g. Hydraulic action or abrasion
  3. Soft rock erodes quickly, and faster than the hard rock, and becomes a bay
  4. The hard rock erodes more slowly, sticking out to the sea and taking it’s full force
  5. The wave loses energy in the bay, becoming constructive, and depositing sediment, formingg a beach
31
Q

Explain the formation of a stump

A

EMPTY

32
Q

Describe beach formation

A

Beaches are formed when constructive waves energy deposits sediment.
It happens when waves lose energy in a sheltered area:
- made up of eroded material
- Depositions occurs, when waves loose energy, by constructive waves - strong swash
- Ridges-Berms. Show high and storm tides
- Material is larger on top of beach, less broken down by attrition

33
Q

Explain the formation of cliffs and wave-cut platforms

A

See card UPDATE

34
Q

Describe the formation of a sand dune and draw it if you have time

A

You can use diagram in booklet

35
Q

Describe the formation of a spit (wait, what?!)
And draw it if you have time (are you sure you want to do this??)

A

You can use diagram in booklet

36
Q

Define Soft engineering

A

Natural environment used to reduce coastal erosion

37
Q

Define Hard engineering

A

Visible manmade structures to stop or disrupt erosion. It is a
coastal management technique

38
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of soft engineering?

A

Advantages:
- Cheap
- Aesthetic
- Good for the environment

Disadvantages:
- Has to be mantained/replaced frequently in some conditions
- Does not resist to storms or frequent destructive wave energy

39
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of hard engineering?

A

Advantages:
- Effective
- Resistant to large storms and frequent destructive wave energy
- Long lifespan

Disadvatages:
- Expensive to set up and mantain
- Ugly

40
Q

What are the hard engineering strategies?

A
  • Sea wall
  • Groynes
  • Gabions
  • Rock armour
41
Q

What are the soft engineering strategies?

A
  • Dune stabilisation
  • Beach replenishment
  • Beach reprofiling
42
Q

Describe the features of sea walls, and name their advantages/disadvatages

A

A wall, usually concrete, and curved outwards to deflect the power of the waves

Advantages:
- Very effective at preventing both erosion and flooding (if the wall is high enough)

Disadvantages:
- Very expensive to build and maintain
- It can be damaged if the material is not maintained in front of the wall
- Restricts access to the beach
- Unsightly to look at

43
Q

Describe the features of groynes, and name their advantages/disadvatages

A

Geography (13 decks)

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