Coastal Hazards

Question 1

Shoreline Management Plans (SMPs)

Answer 1

it is the responsibility of local councils to develop SMPs

Question 2

sand dune (disadvantages)

Answer 2

management is time consuming
expensive costs

Question 3

beach nourishment (disadvantages)

Answer 3

beach replenishment is necessary

Question 4

sand dune (advantages)

Answer 4

boardwalks are constructed

Question 5

beach nourishment (advantages)

Answer 5

cheap
retains the natural look of a beach

Question 6

Soft engineering methods

Answer 6

beach nourishment- beaches are made higher and wider
sand dunes- act as a natural defence against coastal erosion
managed retreat- areas of coast allowed to flood naturally

Question 7

rip rap (disadvantages)

Answer 7

unattractive
difficult access to beach

Question 8

disadvantages (groynes)

Answer 8

starved of beach material

Question 9

sea walls (disadvantages)

Answer 9

expensive
can increase the risk of erosion

Question 10

Advantages (Rip Rap)

Answer 10

cheap
very efficient

Question 11

Groynes (advantages)

Answer 11

cheap
retains the sandy beach

Question 12

Advantages (sea Walls)

Answer 12

provides good coastal defences
long life span
reduces a risk of flooding

Question 13

Hard Engineering Methods

Answer 13

sea walls- concrete sea walls reflect the energy
groynes- wooden barriers trap sand being transported
rip rap- large boulders of hard rock are placed along a base of a cliff

Question 14

Many people have an interest of what happens at the coast including:

Answer 14

residents
local councils
environmental groups
National Governments

Question 15

secondary impacts

Answer 15

are those which results from the primary event
e.g. destroyed buildings lead to people becoming homeless

Question 16

Primary Impacts

Answer 16

are the immediate consequences of an event
e.g. people collapsing building during a cliff collapse

Question 17

risks to coastal communities

Answer 17

rise in sea levels
warmer seas lead to more powerful storms
expensive sea defences

Question 18

How severe weather events and climate change create vulnerability to coastal flooding

Answer 18

climate change will lead to some coastal communities becoming more vulnerable to coastal hazards
almost 1 billion people live in low elevation coastal zone (LECZs)

Question 19

Social and economic factors that increase vulnerability

Answer 19

wealth- poor people less likely to afford housing

education- written messages can be used to spread information
Health- a healthy person is more able to escape the dangers
Age- children and elderly people will become more vulnerable

Question 20

Regularity

Answer 20

is hazards happen often and in quick succession, then the severity will be greater

Question 21

Duration

Answer 21

the longer a hazard lasts, more severe the impacts are likely to be

Question 22

Magnitude

Answer 22

the stronger the hazard, the more severe the impacts

Question 23

Physical factors that increase vulnerability

Answer 23

Magnitude
Duration
Regularity