Co-Occurring Disorders (Week 6) Flashcards

1
Q

Depression

A
  • Experiencing a despairing mood for most of the day.
  • Must persist for at least two weeks to receive a diagnosis.
  • The “Common Cold” of mental illness.
  • Most commonly combined with alcohol use disorder.
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2
Q

Generalized Anxiety

A
  • Frequent worry about everyday things.
  • Trouble relaxing and controlling worries.
  • Easily startled and has a hard time concentrating.
  • Experiences frequent unexplainable pains.
  • Tired all the time from constant stress.
  • Most commonly combined with benzodiazepine (produces serotonin) misuse.
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3
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A
  • Disorder that is the result of a shocking or traumatic event.
  • Core features: flashbacks and nightmares.
  • Results in a behaviour shift in order to avoid triggers of that trauma.
  • One may be easily startled, feeling on edge, and/or have trouble sleeping.
  • May experience feelings of guilt and negative thoughts.
  • There are two types: Bipolar I and Bipolar II.
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4
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

A mental illness that causes unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, activity levels, and concentration.

There are three states: high, low, and well.

  • Experience intense shifts between mania (high), depressive episodes (low), and then regular self (well).
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5
Q

Mania

A

A period in time where one with bipolar disorder is experiencing high levels where one feels…

  • Continuously happy and euphoric.
  • Irritable, angry, and aggressive.
  • Overly confident, decreased need for sleep, and speeded up activity and speech.
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6
Q

Depressive Episode

A

A period in time where one with bipolar disorder is experiencing…

  • Depressive mood.
  • Loss of pleasure and energy.
  • Feelings of worthlessness, guilt, and apathy.
  • Thoughts of suicide.
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7
Q

Bipolar I

A
  • A type of bipolar disorder where one experiences intense manic episodes.
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8
Q

Bipolar II

A
  • A type of bipolar disorder where one experiences a pattern of manic episodes and depressive episodes.
  • Manic episodes are of medium intensity (so never full mania).
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9
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A serious mental health condition that affects how people think, feel, and behave.

Each individual can experience many different symptoms that can go hand in hand.

Three categories:

  • Psychotic: hallucinations, delusions, and movement disorders.
  • Negative: flat affect, lack of pleasure, and reduced speaking.
  • Cognitive: poor decision making, trouble focusing, and reduced attention.

Most commonly combined with cannabis use disorder.

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10
Q

Personality Disorders

A
  • Significantly impaired functioning and one pathological personality trait.
  • Stable across time and situations.
  • Three Clusters: A (Weird), B (Wild), and C (Worried).
  • Most commonly combined with opioid addictions.
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11
Q

Cluster A of Personality Disorders (Weird)

A
  • The first cluster of personalty disorders.
  • Individuals exhibit odd, bizarre, and eccentric behaviour (weird).
  • Includes, paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personalty disorders.
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12
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)

A
  • Cluster A (weird) personality disorder.
  • Marked by a pattern of distrust and suspicion of others without adequate reason to be suspicious.
  • Individuals are always on guard, believing that others are constantly trying to demean, harm or threaten them.
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13
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A
  • Cluster A (weird) personality disorder.
  • Characterized by a detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotional expression in interpersonal settings.

Individuals are often described as aloof, emotionally blunted, isolated, disengaged, and distant, and frequently avoiding social interactions.

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14
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder (STPD)

A
  • Cluster A (weird) personality disorder.
  • A consistent pattern of intense discomfort with relationships and social interactions.
  • Individuals typically have unusual thoughts, speech and behaviours, which usually hinder their ability to form and maintain relationships.
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15
Q

Cluster B of Personality Disorders (Wild)

A
  • Personality disorder where individuals exhibit behaviours that are considered dramatic and erratic.
  • Has the BiGGEST LINK with substance use disorder.
  • Includes antisocial, narcissistic, borderline, and histrionic personalty disorder.
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16
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A
  • Cluster B (Wild) personality disorder.
  • Individual shows a lack of guilt and a lack of concern for others.
  • Is irritable, aggressive, and impulsive.
  • Superficially charming.
  • Most commonly associated with crime.
  • More common in MEN.
  • ex. Ted Bundy
17
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A
  • Cluster B (Wild) personality disorder.
  • Inidviudal has a high sense of self-importance and is very arrogant.
  • Lacks empathy and is very insensitive.
  • Preoccupied with success and power.
  • Exploits others and is very controlling.
  • One is destructive and angry when slighted.
  • ex. most cult leaders.
18
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

A
  • Cluster B (Wild) personality disorder.
  • At the core there seems to be a lack of a sense of self.
  • Emotionally unstable.
  • Impulsive and outbursts of anger.
  • Empty suicide threats are common.
  • More common in WOMEN.
  • ex. Trisha Paytas.
19
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A
  • Cluster B (Wild) personality disorder.
  • Individual is unstable when it comes to emotions, has a distorted self-image and an overwhelming desire to be noticed.
  • Often behave dramatically or inappropriately to get attention.
  • ex. Regina George
20
Q

Cluster C of Personality Disorders (Worried)

A
  • Personality disorders where one exhibits behaviour that is considered anxious and fearful.
  • Includes avoiding, dependent, and obsessive compulsive personality disorders.
21
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A
  • Cluster C (Worried) personality disorder.
  • Individual has chronic feelings of inadequacy and extreme sensitivity to criticism.
22
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A
  • Cluster C (Worried) personality disorder.
  • Individuals who have a strong need for others to take care of them.
23
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

A
  • Cluster C (Worried) personality disorder.
  • Involves an extensive preoccupation with perfectionism, organization and control.
  • People with OCPD have rigid beliefs and need to have control of themselves, others and situations.
24
Q

Concurrent Disorders

A
  • Co-occurring addiction and mental health problems.
  • An overlapping of symptoms that can complicate a diagnosis.
25
Q

Combinations of Concurrent Disorders

A

Substance Abuse Disorder + mental health problems.

  • SUD + mood/anxiety disorders (e.g., depression)
  • SUD + severe mental health disorders (e.g., schizophrenia)
  • SUD + personality disorders (e.g., borderline personality disorder)
  • SUD + eating disorders (e.g., anorexia)
  • SUD + behavioural addictions (e.g., gambling)
26
Q

Percent of people who have a SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDER and a mental illness

A

42% of people who have a substance abuse disorder have a mental illness.

  • SUB + mental illness = concurrent disorder
27
Q

Percent of people who have a MENTAL ILLNESS and have a substance use disorder.

A

23% of people who have a mental illness have a substance use disorder.

  • mental illness + SUD = concurrent disorder
28
Q

Alcohol and Depression

A
  • One of the most common parings of substance abuse disorders + mental illness.
  • alchohol is a depressant.
  • long term alcohol use can lead to depression.
  • Up to 1/3 of people with depression have an alcohol problem.
  • Both share common risk factors.
  • Common to see depression first and then alcohol consumption follows in order to deal with said depression.
29
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Opiates

A
  • A common paring of substance abuse disorder + a mental illness.
  • Opiate addicts have a higher rate of PTSD than other drug users.
  • Opiate addicts are 10x more likely to have PTSD diagnosis than healthy adults.
  • Those with PTSD are 5x more likely to have a substance abuse disorder.
30
Q

Schizophrenia and Nicotine

A
  • A common paring of substance abuse disorder + a mental illness.
  • Half of those with schizophrenia have a lifetime history of substance abuse disorder.
  • BOTH are associated with increased exposure to stress.
  • Nicotine may help reduce schizophrenia symptoms.
  • Drug abuse increases the mortality in schizophrenia patients.
31
Q

Retrospective Study

A
  • A study that only looks at patients with concurrent disorders at some point in time after both emerged.
  • Looks BACKWARDS in time and analyzes data from past events.
  • Not the most reliable type of study because our memory is not a great source.
32
Q

Prospective Study

A
  • A study that follows a cohort to assess the emergence later in life.
  • Follows participants FOWARD in time, tracking them from start to future.
  • A type of longitudinal study.
  • A better study option than a retrospective study.
33
Q

Causation Model

A

Is one disorder a risk factor for the onset of another?

  • Used to understand, explain, and predict how one factor (the cause) influences or leads to another factor (the effect).
34
Q

Reciprocal Causation

A

Does having both disorders worsen the symptoms of both?

  • A two-way causal relationship where two or more variables influence each other (A causes B and B also influences A).

Have to stop at least one in order to get better.

35
Q

Correlated Liabilities

A

Do the two disorders have a high probability of co-occurring because they arise from a set of shared risk factors?

  • Two risks that are linked and tend to influence each other.
36
Q

Common Factor Model

A

Is there one underlying risk factor that gives rise to both disorders?

  • A common factor influences the relationship between two or more variables.

One risk factor would increase the chance of developing both mental illness and substance abuse disorder.

  • ex. a receptor mutation as a risk factor in alcohol dependence and major depression.
37
Q

Where can people go for treatment?

A

Mild substance use and mental health problems:

  • Treatment would be found in the community with a family doctor.

More sever MENTAL HEALTH problems and mild-moderate substance use problems:

  • Treatment would mainly be in the mental health system.

More severe SUBSTANCE USE problems and mild to moderate mental health problems:

  • Treatment would mainly be found in the substance use system.

SEVERE substance use and mental health problems:

  • Treatment is found ideally with specialized care for concurrent disorders.