co/all Flashcards
1
Q
What class is Diphenhydramine in?
A
1st Generation Antihistamine
2
Q
What is the brand name of Diphenhydramine?
A
Benadryl
3
Q
What are the indications for Diphenhydramine?
A
Allergic rhinitis, Allergic reactions (i.e., hives/itching)
4
Q
What are the brand names for Meclizine?
A
Antivert, Bonine, Dramamine
5
Q
What are the indications for Meclizine?
A
Nausea, Vomiting, Motion sickness
6
Q
What are the brand names for Hydroxyzine?
A
Atarax, Vistaril
7
Q
What are the indications for Hydroxyzine?
A
Itching, Sedation
8
Q
What is the mechanism of action of Diphenhydramine?
A
Competes with histamine-1 receptor sites, blocks histamine-1 release. Due to poor selectivity, also has
CNS effects (sedation) and anticholinergic effects
9
Q
What are the major contraindications of Diphenhydramine?
A
Hypersensitivity to the drug or a similar product
10
Q
What are the black box warnings for Diphenhydramine?
A
None
11
Q
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Diphenhydramine?
A
Sedation, Drowsiness, Headache, Dry mouth, NOTE: Children can experience a paradoxical EXCITATION, rather than drowsiness
12
Q
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Diphenhydramine?
A
Cognitive impairment
Urinary retention
Blurred vision (more likely with consistent use, elderly patients are more susceptible)
13
Q
What are the key counseling points for Diphenhydramine?
A
Do not use while driving, operating heavy machinery until you know how this medication affects you. Do not use with alcohol (additive CNS effects). Caution in elderly patients
14
Q
What class is Cetirizine in?
A
2nd Generation Antihistamine
15
Q
What class is Fexofenadine in?
A
2nd Generation Antihistamine
16
Q
What class is Levocetirizine in?
A
2nd Generation Antihistamine
17
Q
What class is Azelastine in?
A
2nd Generation Antihistamine
18
Q
What is the brand name of Cetirizine?
A
Zyrtec
19
Q
What is the brand name of Fexofenadine?
A
Allegra
20
Q
What is the brand name of Levocetirizine?
A
Xyzal
21
Q
What are the brand names of Azelastine?
A
Astepro, Astelin
22
Q
How is Azelastine administered?
A
Intranasally
23
Q
What are the indications for Cetirizine?
A
Allergic Rhinitis, Urticaria (itching/hives), Intranasal only provide local relief of allergic rhinitis symptoms
24
Q
What is the mechanism of action of Cetirizine?
A
Competes with histamine-1
receptor sites, blocks histamin-1 release. More selective peripheral receptors involved in allergic reactions.
25
What are the major contraindications for Cetirizine?
Hypersensitivity to the
drug or a similar product
26
What are the black box warnings for Cetirizine?
None
27
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Cetirizine?
Drowsiness, (Cetirizine > others), Headache
28
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Azelastine?
Bitter Taste, Epistaxis (nose bleeds)
29
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Cetirizine?
None noted
30
What are the key counseling points for Cetirizine?
Avoid activities involving
mental alertness until you know how this medication affects you. Many are OTC products.
31
Drugs in the antihistamine class have what ending?
"-ine"
32
What is the mechanism of action of Intranasal Corticosteroids (INS)?
Glucocorticoids INHIBIT inflammatory and immunologic responses resulting in the
reduction of most symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
33
What class is Fluticasone in?
Intranasal Corticosteroids (INS)
34
What are the brand names for Fluticasone?
Flonase, Xhance Nasal Spray
35
What is the brand name for Mometasone?
Nasonex Nasal Spray
36
What class is Mometasone in?
Intranasal Corticosteroids (INS)
37
What class is Triamcinolone in?
Intranasal Corticosteroids (INS)
38
What is the brand name for Triamcinolone?
Nasacort AQ Nasal Spray
39
What is the indication for Fluticasone?
Relief of symptoms of allergic rhinitis
40
What is the mechanism of action of Fluticasone?
Anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, vasoconstrictive properties lead to relief of allergic rhinitis symptoms of rhinorrhea, sneezing, itching (nose/palate/eyes), and congestion
41
What are the major contraindications for Fluticasone?
Hypersensitivity to this drug or similar products
42
What are the black box warnings for Fluticasone?
None
43
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Fluticasone?
Headache, Nasal Irritation, Nasal Burning, Epistaxis (nosebleeds)
44
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Fluticasone?
Rare but serious adverse effects of glucocorticoids unlikely with INS due to minimal systemic absorption
45
What are the key counseling points for Fluticasone?
Proper administration
technique will reduce risk of nosebleeds and irritation.
Relief may be delayed several days, optimal effect may take 1-2 weeks.
46
What is the mechanism of action of Nasal Decongestants?
Alpha-1 agonists ("sympathomimetics"), Mimic action of epinephrine and norepinephrine ("fight or flight response"). Constriction in vascular smooth muscle.
Also... Mydriasis, Urinary retention, Increased glucose.
47
What is the brand name for Pseudoephedrine?
Sudafed
48
What class is Pseudoephedrine in?
Nasal Decongestants
49
What is the indication for Pseudoephedrine?
Relief of nasal congestion
50
What is the mechanism of action of Pseudoephedrine?
Stimulates alpha-1
adrenergic receptors -> vasconstriction, leads to less vessel engorgement and
mucosal edema. Stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors -> some bronchial relaxation AND increased HR and contractility (side effects).
51
What are the major contraindications for Pseudoephedrine?
Hypersensitivity to drug or similar product, Recent MAO inhibitor use (14 days)
52
What are the black box warnings for Pseudoephedrine?
None
53
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Pseudoephedrine?
Headache, Insomnia, Restlessness, For nasal spray -> local side effects are most common - stinging, sneezing, dry nose
54
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Pseudoephedrine?
Heart Palpitations, Arrhythmias, Increased Blood Pressure (caution in patients with uncontrolled cardiovascular
disease, risk increases with consistent use)
55
What are the key counseling points for Pseudoephedrine?
Avoid pseudoephedrine near bedtime (restlessness, insomnia, jittery feeling). For nasal spray - do not use for > 3 days due to risk of rebound congestion
56
What is the brand name for Oxymetazoline?
Afrin
57
When compared to pseudoephedrine, Oxymetazoline is less likely to cause what side effects?
Less systemic cardiovascular side effects
58
What is the brand name for Guaifenesin?
Mucinex
59
What class is Guaifenesin in?
Expectorants
60
What is the indication for Guaifenesin?
Cough (usually with a cough with
mucus)
61
What is the mechanism of action of Guaifenesin?
Thins and loosens bronchial secretions (mucus), promoting lower respiratory tract drainage and removal of mucus
62
What are the major contraindications for Guaifenesin?
Hypersensitivity to this drug or similar products
63
What are the black box warnings for Guaifenesin?
None
64
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Guaifenesin?
Nausea, Vomiting, Constipation, Somnolence
65
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reaction for Guaifenesin?
None
66
What are the key counseling points for Guaifenesin?
Adequate hydration is recommended while using this medication
67
What is the brand name for Dextromethorphan?
Delsym
68
What class is Dextromethorphan in?
Cough Suppressant
69
What is the indication for Dextromethorphan?
Cough
70
What is the mechanism of action of Dextromethorphan?
Depresses the cough center in the medulla oblongata
71
What are the black box warnings for Dextromethorphan?
None
72
What are the major contraindications for Dextromethorphan?
Hypersensitivity to this drug or similar products, Recent use of MAO inhibitor (14 days)
73
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Dextromethorphan?
Dizziness, Nervousness
74
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Dextromethorphan?
None
75
What are the key counseling points for Dextromethorphan?
Adequate hydration is recommended while using this medication
76
What is the brand name for Benzonatate?
Tessalon Perles
77
What class is Benzonatate in?
Cough Suppressant
78
What is the indication for Benzonatate?
Cough
79
What are the major contraindications for Benzonatate?
Hypersensitivity to this drug or similar products
80
What are the black box warnings for Benzonatate?
None
81
What are the common adverse drug reactions for Benzonatate?
Pharyngeal numbness (if capsules are broken or chewed)
82
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions for Benzonatate?
None
83
What are the key counseling points for Benzonatate?
Adequate hydration is recommended while using this medication
84
What are the brand names for Latanoprost?
Xalatan, Xelpros
85
What drug class is Latanoprost in?
Prostaglandin Analogues
86
What is the brand name of Bimatoprost?
Lumigan
87
What drug class is Bimatoprost in?
Prostaglandin Analogues
88
What is the brand name of Travoprost?
Travatan Z
89
What drug class is Travoprost in?
Prostaglandin Analogues
90
Drugs in the Prostaglandin Analogues class have what ending?
"-prost"
91
What are the indications for Latanoprost?
Ocular Hypertension, Open-angle Glaucoma
92
What is the mechanism of action of Latanoprost?
Prostaglandin analogue; dilates vessels and increases the outflow ("opens the drain") of aqueous humor -> reduced intraocular pressure.
93
What are the major contraindications of Latanoprost?
Hypersensitivity to the drug or similar product
94
What are the black box warnings of Latanoprost?
None
95
What are the common adverse drug reactions of Latanoprost?
Blurred Visions, Ocular Itching, Sensation of foreign body in eye, Hyperpigmentation of the eyelid, Iris pigmentation, Eyelash growth
96
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions of Latanoprost?
Macular retinal edema, Diplopia (double vision), Keratitis
97
What are the key counseling points for Latanoprost?
Patients will need to be counseled on proper administration of eye drop
98
What are the brand names of Brimonidine?
Alphagan P, Lumify
99
What drug class is Brimonidine in?
Alpha Agonists
100
Drugs in the class of Alpha Agonists have what ending?
"-dine"
101
What are the indications of Brimonidine?
Ocular Hypertension, Open-angle Glaucoma,
Ocular Redness (Lumify, OTC)
102
What is the mechanism of action of Brimonidine?
Relatively selective for alpha-2 receptors; reduces aqueous humor production and increases its outflow ("turns down the faucet" AND "opens the drain") to decrease intraocular pressure
103
What are the major contraindications of Brimonidine?
Hypersensitivity to the drug or similar products, Recent use of MAO inhibitors (14 days)
104
What are the black box warnings of Brimonidine?
None
105
What are the common adverse drug reactions of Brimonidine?
Drowsiness, Conjunctival Hyperemia (redness), Allergic conjunctivitis, Ocular pruritus (itching)
106
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions of Brimonidine?
Syncope, Arrhythmias, Bradycardia (more likely with systemic absorption)
107
What are the key counseling points of Brimonidine?
Patients will need to be counseled on proper administration of eye drop. Systemic absorption can occur and cause systemic adverse effects.
108
What are the brand names of Timolol?
Timoptic, Betimol
109
What drug class is Timolol in?
Beta Blockers
110
Drugs in the class of Beta Blockers have what ending?
"-olol"
111
What is the indication of Timolol?
Glaucoma
112
What is the mechanism of action of Timolol?
Blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors, reducing intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humor production ("turns down the faucet")
113
What are the major contraindications of Timolol?
Hypersensitivity to the drug or similar products, Patients with asthma, COPD, Sinus Bradycardia, Heart failure, Cardiogenic shock
114
What are the black box warnings of Timolol?
None
115
What are the common adverse drug reactions of Timolol?
Blurred vision, Stinging
116
What are the rare but serious adverse drug reactions of Timolol?
Risk for exacerbation of underlying respiratory or cardiovascular conditions
117
What are the key counseling points for Timolol?
Patients will need to be counseled on proper administration of eye drop, Systemic absorption can occur and cause systemic adverse effects
118
What are the brand names of Loteprednol?
Alrex, Lotemax
119
What drug class is Loteprednol in?
Corticosteroids
120
What are the indications of Loteprednol?
Allergic conjunctivitis, Dry eye disease,
Inflammatory conditions affecting the eye
121
What is the mechanism of action of Loteprednol?
Corticosteroids inhibit the inflammatory response including edema, capillary dilation, leukocyte migration, and scar formation
122
What are the major contraindications of Loteprednol?
Hypersensitivity to the drug or similar products, Active eye infection (Steroids reduce the immune response)
123
