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Block 8; Week 1 > CNS Neurotransmission-Craviso > Flashcards

CNS Neurotransmission-Craviso Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fcn of serotonin?

A

(5-HT) – sleep, arousal, mood, appetite

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2
Q

What is the fcn of NE?

A

(NE) – mood; arousal, appetite

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3
Q

What is the fcn of dopamine?

A

(DM) – movement (motor control); behavior; mood; perception

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4
Q

What is the fcn of Ach?

A

(ACh) – arousal, cognition (memory and learning)

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5
Q

What is the fcn of histamine?

A

wakefulness; equilibrium

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6
Q

What are some excitatory AA in the CNS?

A

glutamic acid (glutamate)

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7
Q

What are some inhibitory AA in the CNS?

A

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

glycine

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8
Q

What are some important neuropeptides?

A

methionine & leucine enkephalin: pain transmission

substance P-pain transmission

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9
Q

What are the functions of endocannabinoids? What is an example?

A

memory, cognition, pain perception
Ex: anandamide
2-AG: 2-arachidonylglycerol

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10
Q

What is long hierarchical relay?

A

Transmission is highly sequential and interconnected neurons are related to each other in a hierarchical fashion - e.g., primary sensory and motor pathways
Ex: Pain transmission!
drugs that target pain transmission at the level of the cortex, thalamus, or spinal cord.

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11
Q

What is non-hierarchical projecting?

A

Neurons from a single anatomical location extend multiple, divergent connections to target cells outside the region in which the neurons originate

Serotonin (5-HT) neurons project from the raphe nucleus
**includes ascending raphe & descending raphe projections

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12
Q

What are functional aspects of non hierarchical projecting? Related to Serotonin

A 
Sleep, arousal and mood
Behavioral changes
Hallucinations 
Feeding behavior 
Vomiting (via 5-HT3 ionotropic receptors in area postrema)
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13
Q

Where do NE neurons project? This is related to non-hierarchical projecting.

A

Norepinephrine (NE) neurons project from the locus coeruleus
includes locus coeruleus projections & lateral tegmental projections

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14
Q

What are the functional aspects of NE in nonhierarchical projecting?

A

Arousal and mood
Appetite
Cardiovascular control

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15
Q

Related to nonhierarchical projecting & dopamine…what are the functional aspects?

A 
Mood
Behavioral changes
Motor control
Neuroendocrine function (prolactin secretion)
Vomiting (area postrema)
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16
Q

Where do the dopamine neurons project?

A

Dopamine (DM) neurons project from the midbrain, striatum and hypothalamus
mesocortical/mesolimbic pathways
nigrostriatal pathway
tuberoinfundibular pathway

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17
Q

Where do ACh neurons project?

A

Cholinergic (Ach) neurons project from the forebrain and brainstem
basal forebrain pathways
mesopontine pathways

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18
Q

What are the functional aspects of Ach neurons in non hierarchical projecting?

A

Arousal
Learning and memory
Motor control (in concert with dopamine)
Effects via muscarinic (G-protein linked) receptors and via nicotinic (ionotropic) receptors located presynaptically

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19
Q

Where do histamine neurons project & what are its functional aspects in non hierarchical projecting?

A

Histamine neurons project from the hypothalamus
Functional aspects:
Arousal and wakefulness
Equilibrium (cerebellum)

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20
Q

What are presynaptic ways to modulate NT?

A

Pre-synaptic: effects on synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and/or degradation of neurotransmitters (example-monoamine oxidase inhibitors); agonist or antagonist activity at nerve terminal autoreceptors

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21
Q

What are postsynaptic ways to modulate NT?

A

Post-synaptic: receptor agonist, antagonist or modulatory activity; degradation of neurotransmitters (like acetylcholinesterase)

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22
Q

NT receptors include metabotropic receptors. Describe them.

A

G protein coupled receptors
most common outside of CNS
This includes:

All known alpha and beta adrenergic, dopamine, muscarinic ACh, histamine, neuropeptide and endocannabinoid receptors
most 5-HT receptors
metabotropic glutamate and
GABA receptors

23
Q

NT receptors include ionotropic receptors. Describe them.

A

ligand-gated ion channels

outside CNS-at neuromuscular junctions

24
Q

GIve examples of ionotropic receptors that depolarize cells. Conduct Na+ or Ca++

A

AMPA (Na+), kainate (Na+) and NMDA (Ca2+ and Na+) classes of glutamate receptors
nicotinic ACh receptors (Na+ and Ca2+)
5-HT3 receptors (Na+)

25
Q

Give examples of ionotropic receptors that hyper polarize cells. Conduct K+ & Cl-

A

GABAA (Cl-) and glycine (Cl-) receptors

26
Q

Which induces a faster response…G protein coupled or ionotropic?

A

ionotropic must faster.

27
Q

What is excitatory transmission balanced by?

A

feed forward
recurrent inhibitor actions by interneurons
balance b/w EPSP & IPSP

28
Q

If you don’t have a good balance b/w EPSP & IPSP?

A

comatose or seizures

29
Q

Which neurotransmission type predominates?

A

inhibitor neurotransmission

30
Q

HOw is GABA synthesized?

A

from glutamate

enzyme: glutamic acid decarboxylase
requires: pyridoxal phosphate

31
Q

How is GABA metabolized?

A

GABA-amino transferase in mitochondria of neurons & glial cells

32
Q

What is the difference b/w GABAa & GABAb?

A

GABAa: ionotropic chloride channel on the postsynaptic cleft
GABAb: metabotropic G protein coupled; on pre & postsynaptic clefts

33
Q

The GABAb channel on the presynaptic cleft is coupled to what?

A

decreases calcium influx

decreases release of GABA or glutamate

34
Q

The GABAb channel on the postsynaptic cleft is coupled to what?

A

some to activation of K+ channels
others coupled to Ca++ conductance
IP3 production & inhibition of cAMP production

35
Q

When GABAb receptors on presynaptic clefts are bound…what is the result? Where are these receptors found in high concentration?

A

decreased release of GABA (less inhibition)
decreased release of glutamate (smaller excitatory effect)
high concentration in spinal cord

36
Q

WHat is a drug that acts as an agonist at GABAb receptors? What is it used to treat?

A

Baclofen aka Lioresal

used to treat spasticity (involuntary & abnormal muscle contractions) in individuals with ALS or MS

37
Q

What is the result of GABAa receptors?

A

they are chloride conducting ion channels
hyperpolarizes postsynaptic cells & generates IPSPs
can be phasic or tonic inhibition

38
Q

Where do you see tonic inhibition via GABA a receptors?

A

GABA released presynaptically goes to other sites.
Extrasynaptic receptors are high affinity and are continuously activated by ambient GABA.
Get continuous tonic inhibition.

39
Q

Where do you see phasic inhibition via GABAa receptors?

A

these happen in synaptic clefts

rapid synchronous opening of channels in cleft

40
Q

Glycine offers inhibitory neurotransmission. What are its actions in the spinal cord? What are its receptors?

A

control motor rhythm generation, coordination of reflex responses & processing of sensory signals, brain stem & reticular formation
receptors Cl- conduction ion channels, NOT metabotropic.

41
Q

Which therapeutic agents that target glycine receptors?

A

none

but strychnine in rat poison antagonizes these receptors & is a powerful convulsant!

42
Q

Describe glutamate neurotransmission.

A

excitatory

glutamate reuptake on nerve terminals & on astrocytes, glial cells.

43
Q

What are the metabotropic receptors for glutamate?

A

they are located pre & post synaptically on astrocytes
Group I mGluR receptors
Group II & III mGluR receptors

44
Q

When Group I mGluR metabotropic glutamate receptors are bound…what is the result? HOw about when Group II & III are bound?

A

Group I: augment responses

Group II & III: decrease responses

45
Q

What are the 2 major types of ionotropic receptors for glutamate?

A 
NMDA receptors (N-methyl D aspartate)
Non-NMDA receptors
46
Q

What are the 2 types of Non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors?

A

AMPA

Kainate receptors

47
Q

Which ion do AMPA receptors conduct? What is their function?

A

mainly Na+ & some Ca++

mediate majority of excitatory synapses & play a role in neural plasticity

48
Q

Which ion do Kainate receptors conduct? What is their function? Where are they located?

A

Na+ & also Ca++
pre & post synaptically
a role in neural plasticity

49
Q

What’s the deal with NMDA glutamate receptors?

A

ionophores
conduct mainly Ca++, but also Na+
co agonist is glycine & cofactor is Magnesium
**externally binds glycine & glutamate & internally binds Mg+

50
Q

What is the function of NMDA glutamate receptors?

A

mediators of neural plasticity

long term changes in synapse structure & function–learning & memory

51
Q

Which gates open with normal synaptic release of glutamate? HOw about with strong depolarizing stimulus?

A

normal: AMPA or kainate

Strong depolarization: NMDA receptor is activated, Mg++ given the boot.

52
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

increased sensitivity of post synaptic neurons to glutamate

more AMPA receptors brought to the surface in growing of dendrites w/ neural plasticity

53
Q

What is long term depression?

A

decreases sensitivity of post-synaptic neurons to glutamate
fewer AMPA receptors at the surface
neural plasticity pruning.

Block 8; Week 1 (13 decks)

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