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Block 8 Week 2 Colt > CNS Neuropathology - Parks > Flashcards

CNS Neuropathology - Parks Flashcards

1
Q

What type of edema follows trauma?

A

vasogenic edema

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2
Q

what type of edema follows stroke and hypoxic-ischemia insult?

A

cytotoxic edema

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3
Q

Tumors, inflammation, and encephalitis show what type of edema?

A

vasogenic

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4
Q

in which type of edema are neurons and glia injured which causes the edema

A

cytotoxic

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5
Q

vasogenic edema is fluid leaking into what space?

A

interstitial space from a damaged BBB; fluid shifts from vascular to extracellular space

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6
Q

Describe the process of forming cytotoxic edema?

A

hypoxia results in a decrease in ATP production, which shuts down the ATP pumps, which causes Na to flow into the cell and water follows the salt

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7
Q

What does an edematous brain look like?

A

flattening of the gyri and loss of the sulci

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8
Q

Which parts of the inside of the skull are fixed?

A

Falx and tentorium

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9
Q

What are the three types of herniation?

A

subfalcine
transtentorial aka uncal
cerebellar tonsillar through the mangum foramen

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10
Q

Which type of herniation can effect cardiac and respiratory function?

A

uncal herniation

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11
Q

which artery can an uncal herniation close off?

A

the basilar artery

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12
Q

what is another name for the uncus?

A

anterior medial temporal gyrus

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13
Q

The uncus compresses CN (blank) as it traverses the subarachnoid space, causing enlargement of the (ipsi/contra) pupil

A

CN 3

IPSI pupil

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14
Q

The coma that follows uncal herniation is due to compression of the midbrain on the (ipsi/contra) side to the original contusion

A

contralateral side

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15
Q

Lateral displacement of the midbrain may compress the opposite cerebral peduncle, proudcing Babinksi and hemiparesis on the contralateral side. This is called (blank’s) sign

A

Kernohan-Woltman sign

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16
Q

Besides the basilar artery, which other arteries can an uncal herniation impinge?

A

anterior and posterior cerebral arteries

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17
Q

Right uncal herniation will result in (right/left) Kernohan notching of the brainstem

A

left Kernohan notching

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18
Q

Kernohan’s sign is associated with what level of consciousness?

A

coma

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19
Q

Blockage of the ventricular system from an uncal herniation can result in what?

A

hydrocephalus

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20
Q

Where does a Duret hemorrhage occur?

A

midbrain and pons

21
Q

What is the prognosis of a Duret hemorrhage?

A

fatal

22
Q

Stretching of the midbrain and pons from an uncal herniation can result in the the impingement or severing of which penetrating branch of the basilar artery, which leads to infarct or hemorrhage?

A

parademian branch of basilar artery

23
Q

What are the three brainstem respiratory centers?

A
  1. pneumotaxic center
  2. caudal pons
  3. retrotrapezoid nucleus
24
Q

A Duret hemorrhage can kill which nuclei that controls arousal and sleep-wake function that will directly lead to coma?

A

Reticular activating system

25
Q

Occipital lobe is supplied by which artery?

A

PCA

26
Q

Gross brain specimens with dark areas indicates what?

A

dead brain; infarct; ischemic necrosis

27
Q

What stage of development of the fetus is most critical to the CNS?

A

first five weeks

28
Q

When does the neural tube close?

A

day 28-30

29
Q

What are the major types of NTDs?

A
  1. anencephaly
  2. cariorachischisis
  3. open spina bifida
  4. closed spina bifida
  5. encehpalocele
  6. iniencephaly
30
Q

List the following in terms of increasing severity:
Meningocele
Spina bifida occulta
Myelomeningocele

A

Spina bifida occulta
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele

31
Q

which type of NTD has nerves from the cord in the pouch?

A

myelomeningocele

32
Q

Myelomeningocele will result in what deficits?

A

incontinence (sacral nerves) and problems walking

33
Q

What protein can we measure in maternal serum that may indicate an open NTD?

A

AFP

34
Q

AFP is elevated in what condidtion?

A

open NTD

35
Q

which vitamin helps reduce the risk of NTD?

A

folate

36
Q

T/F: megavitamins should be taken during pregnancy

A

false

37
Q

what is the RDA of folate for pregnant women?

A

0.4mg qday

38
Q

What is one of the most frequent congenital malformations of the CNS?

A

congenital hydrocephalus

39
Q

What are the risk factors for CHC?

A
  1. Lack of prenatal care
  2. Maternal diabetes (gestational DM)
  3. Maternal high blood pressure
  4. Maternal consumption of alcohol
  5. Certain infections (parvovirus b19)
  6. Maternal antidepressant use (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors = SSRIs
40
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

choroid plexus

41
Q

where is CSF resorbed?

A

arachnoid villi

42
Q

What can cause scarring of the arachnoid villi that results in hydrocephalus?

A

meningitis

43
Q

Are cases of hydrocephalus more commonly caused by issues of resorption or overproduction?

A

resorption

44
Q

What is noncommunicating hydrocephalus?

A

Localized obstruction within ventricular system. Only that focal ventricle enlarges while the other ventricles do NOT enlarge.

45
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Entire ventricular system enlarges. This usually from reduced CSF resorption

46
Q

What is the hydrocephalus triad?

A

dementia (last to show; = severe)
urinary incontinence
gait apraxia

47
Q

Adults that have tumors that cause hydrocephalus get what symptom?

A

headaches

48
Q

T/F: alzheimer’s may cause hydrocephalus

A

true

Block 8 Week 2 Colt (6 decks)

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