Bacterial Neurotoxins - Kozel

Question 1

Clostridium spp. are gram (pos/neg)

Answer 1

positive

Question 2

Clostridium spp. are (aerobic/anaerobic)

Answer 2

anaerobic

Question 3

Clostridium spp. able to form….

Answer 3

spores

Question 4

Where are the clostridium spp. found?

Answer 4

soil, water, and sewage

Question 5

T/F: Clostridium is part of the normal flora of the GI tract of man and animals

Answer 5

true

Question 6

What is the tetanus toxoid?

Answer 6

A-B toxin as a single peptide

Question 7

How does the tetanus toxoid make it in to the CNS?

Answer 7

retrograde axonal transport to the CNS

Question 8

Which is the light and which is the heavy chain in the tetanus toxin?

Answer 8

A is light

B is heavy

Question 9

Which chain from the tetanus toxoid binds to ganglioside (aka sialic acid) receptors?

Answer 9

B chain

Question 10

the (blank) chain of tetanus is an endopeptidase

Answer 10

A chain

Question 11

What is the function of the A chain of tetanus toxoid/

Answer 11

inactivates proteins that regulate release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, aka GABA

Question 12

Tetanus results in (flaccid/spastic) paralysis

Answer 12

spastic via unregulated synaptic activity of motor neurons

Question 13

What factors favor germination of tetanus spores in a wound?

Answer 13

necrotic tissue and poor blood supply?

Question 14

Da fuck is Risus Sardonicus?

Answer 14

lockjaw; most common form of tetanus

Question 15

The (autonomic/somatic) nervous system is affected in advanced tetanus

Answer 15

autonomic

Question 16

neonatal tetanus results from infection of the….

Answer 16

umbilical stump

Question 17

how do you Dx tetanus?

Answer 17

clinical signs and history of injury

Question 18

Can you culture tetanus?

Answer 18

hard to grow; most cultures are negative

Question 19

What is in the tetanus vaccine?

Answer 19

toxoid of the tetanus toxin

Question 20

How do you treat tetanus?

Answer 20

debridement of wound

metronidazole

Question 21

T/F: there is a tetanus antitoxin

Answer 21

true; used to neutralize free toxin

Question 22

What supportive care do you give for tetanus until synaptic function returns?

Answer 22

maintain airway

Benzos to prevent spasms

Question 23

T/F: Both tetanus and botulism have a single peptide AB toxin

Answer 23

true

Question 24

How does botulism penetrate the CNS?

Answer 24

absorbed from gut and carried via blood stream to peripheral nerve synapses

Question 25

The (a/B) chain of botulism toxin binds to the sialic acid receptor on motor neurons

Answer 25

B chain

Question 26

Which botulism toxin is released inside the endosome?

Answer 26

A chain

Question 27

What is the A chain of botulinum toxin?

Answer 27

protease that inactivates proteins that regulates the release of ACh for excitatory synapses

Question 28

Botulism produces (flaccid/spastic) paralysis

Answer 28

flaccid

Question 29

Botox is serotype (A/B) botulinum toxin

Answer 29

serotype A

Question 30

What are the signs of foodborne botulism?

Answer 30

weakness, dizziness, flaccid paralysis

Question 31

What is the cause of death in foodborne botulism?

Answer 31

respiratory paralysis

Question 32

What is the cause of infant botulism?

Answer 32

in vivo colonization of GI tract of infants

Question 33

How do you Dx botulism?

Answer 33

demonstrate toxin in food or patient serum or feces | Can isolate bacteria but this is RARELY done

Question 34

Infant botulism is associated with the consumption of contaminated....

Answer 34

honey!!! that's why you don't give honey to kids youngers <1year

Question 35

What is the most common form of botulism in the US?

Answer 35

infant botulism

Question 36

T/F: there is a botulism anitoxin

Answer 36

true