CNS-introduction

Question 1

what components does the cortex control?

Answer 1

sensory
motor
thought process

Question 2

what components does the limbic system control?

Answer 2

emotion/memory

Question 3

what component does the diencephalon control?

Answer 3

endocrine/ autonomic

Question 4

what component does the cerebellum control?

Answer 4

sensory/ motor co-ordination

Question 5

what component does the midbrain/brain stem control?

Answer 5

reflex pathways / information relay/ awareness/arousal

Question 6

what component does the spinal cord control?

Answer 6

sensory / motor/ autonomic

Question 7

what are interneurons?

Answer 7

communicate within same brain region

Question 8

what are projection neurons?

Answer 8

axons project from one brain region to another

Question 9

What is neurodegenerative disease / CNS disorders?

Answer 9

an imbalance in neurotransmission

drugs attempt to restore the balance.

Question 10

what are the 4 classifications of transmitters?

Answer 10

1. amino acids (excitatory- glutamate, inhibitory- GABA)
2. acetylcholine
3. monoamines (dopamine, Norepinephrione, serotonin)
4. peptides

Question 11

how dose glutamate effect the CNS?

Answer 11

it relays neurons, and acts on NMDA and non-NMDA receptors.

Question 12

what is an NMDA receptor?

Answer 12

its an ion channel ( ^ [Ca2+], [Na+], [K+])

Question 13

how dos GABA effect the CNS?

Answer 13

associated with the behaviour, acts on postsynaptic GABA receptors.

Question 14

what is GABAa

Answer 14

ion channel linked to (^ [Cl-])

and is the target for sedative hypnotics

Question 15

what is GABAb

Answer 15

G-protein linked to ion channel ( ^[K+])

Question 16

how is acetylcholine associated with the CNS?

Answer 16

interneurons: associated with motor control
Projection: associated with learning, memory and congition

acts on muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.

Question 17

how is norepinerphrine associated with the CNS?

Answer 17

throughout CNS and important in awareness/arousal/ autonomic control.
alpha 1 & beta 1 : excitatory
alpha 2 & beta 2: inhibitory

Question 18

how is dopamine associated with CNS?

Answer 18

cortex: motivation/emotion
limbic: mood/behaviour
midbrain: motor control
there are 5 subtypes of dopamine receptors (D1-D5) linked to G-protein second messenger system.

Question 19

how is serotonin associated with CNS?

Answer 19

play role in behaviour and control of sleep, temperature, appetite, and neuroendocrine function.
14 subtypes, all linked to G- protein secondary messengers

catergories 5-HT1 to 5-HT7, subtypes indicated by letter

Question 20

what does 5-HT1a and 5-HT2a do?

Answer 20

5-HT1a: inhibitory - decreases cAMP

5-HT2a: excitatory, ^DAG, IP3

Question 21

how does transport occur for the BBB?

Answer 21

transport occurs primarily via passive diffusion. therefore the diffusion dependent on drug lipid solubility and pKA

Question 22

what are the symptoms for AD? (alzheimers disease)

Answer 22

progressive and irreversible memory loss and cognitive impairment

Question 23

how is AD diagnosed?

Answer 23

if neurofirillary tangles and amyloid plaques are present in hippocampus and cortex

Question 24

what are tangles and plaques in the brain?

Answer 24

tangles: intracelluylar accumulation of twister fibers of phosphorylated tau protein
plaques= extracellular deposits of beta- amyloid protein.

Question 25

that is the treatment for AD?`

Answer 25

no cure, treatment is aimed to prevent/ reverse the plaque and tangle formation.
- acetycholinesterase inhibitors