Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MHD2 Block 2 - Neuro > CNS infections and intoxications > Flashcards

CNS infections and intoxications Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between meningitis and encephalitis?

A

Meningitis is inflammation of the leptomeninges whereas encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma (usually accompanied by meningitis: meningoencephalitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a localized CNS infection called?

A

Brain abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the different types of meningitis?

A

Bacterial, fungal, amebic/tuberculous, viral, and non-infectious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the common causative pathogens of bacterial meningitis in a newborn?

A

E. coli

Group B streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the common causative pathogens of bacterial meningitis in a patient between 1-12 months old?

A

Strep pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the common causative pathogens of bacterial meningitis in a patient between 1 yr and 16 y/o?

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus influenzae
Strep pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the common causative pathogens of bacterial meningitis in a patient between 16 y/o and 50 y/o?

A

Strep pneumoniae

Neisseria meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the common causative pathogens of bacterial meningitis in patients at age extremes?

A

Listeria

Pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the gross appearance of bacterial meningitis

A

The suparachnoid space is full of pus, which gives the meninges a yellow/cloudy appearance compared to the normal transparent appearance. Edema is also visible as flattened gyri and sulci.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A CSF tap reveals cloudy fluid full of PMNs with high protein and low glucose. What type of meningitis is this?

A

Bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A CSF tap reveals clear fluid full of lymphocytes with slightly high protein and normal glucose. What type of meningitis is this?

A

Viral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A CSF tap reveals lymphocytes, moderately high protein and mildly low glucose. What type of meningitis is this?

A

TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the causative agents of chronic meningitis

A 
Tuberculosis
Fungal
Parasitic
Syphilis
Borreliosis
Neurosarcoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What meningitis types can cause granuloma formation?

A

TB and fungal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the parasitic CNS infections?

A

Cysticercosis
Toxoplasmosis
Amoebiasis (Naegleria fowleri, Entamoeba histolytica)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the common causes of viral meningitis?

A

Eneterovirus (75% of all cases)
Arboviruses (West Nile)
HSV 2
WNV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What viruses target the meninges?

A

Mumps
Enterovirus
Coxsackie
HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What viruses target motor neurons?

A

Polio

Enterovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What viruses target neurons and glial cells?

A

Herpes
Rabies
Measles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What viruses target neurons, glial cells and endothelium?

A

CMV (in immunocompromised)

21
Q

What viruses target oligodendroglia?

A

Papovirus (in immunocomprimised)

22
Q

What viruses target microglia?

A

HIV

23
Q

What viruses target dorsal root ganglia?

A

HSV

VZV

24
Q

What viruses target the fetal nervous system?

A

Rubella

CMV

25
Q

What are the microscopic findings associated with viral encephalitis?

A

Perivascular inflammation
Leptomeningeal inflammation
Microglial clusters/nodules
Neuronophagia

*T-lymphocytes predominate

26
Q

What is the pathogenesis of polio encephalitis?

A

Fecal-oral transmission, replicates in oropharynx and small intestine
Causes destruction of anterior horn cells

27
Q

What is the pathogenesis of rabies?

A

Caused by exposure to rabid animals (dog, bat, raccoon, skunk)
Prodrome of flu-like symptoms
Negri bodies are seen in neurons of brainstem, hippocampus and cerebellum

28
Q

What is the pathogenesis of herpes encephalitis?

A

Transmitted via saliva
Causes latent infection of trigeminal ganglion. Can cause focal encephalitis: medial temporal lobe edema, hemorrhage and necrosis

29
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of a cell infected with HSV-1?

A

Intranuclear inclusions look like Owl’s eyes

30
Q

What are the infectious agents that can cross the placenta?

A 
ToRCHeS:
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
CMV
Herpes
Syphilis
(And now Zika virus)
31
Q

What is the presentation of congenital CMV encephalitis?

A

Moderately dilated ventricles with several foci of periventricular calcifications

32
Q

What is the pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?

A 
Caused by JC virus (papovirus)
Usually affects immunocompromised
Disease of white matter
Causes loss of myelin with axonal sparing, bizarre appearing astrocytes and oligodendroglial inclusions
Untreatable
33
Q

What is the characteristic finding of HIV encephalitis?

A

Multinucleated giant cells with predilection to gray matter

34
Q

What is HIV leukoencephalopathy?

A

Subacute onset cognitive impairment and apathy related to diffuse white matter myelin degeneration. Etiology poorly understood.

35
Q

What predisposes patients to brain abscesses?

A

Direct introduction of organisms via trauma or surgery
Infection elsewhere (brain or distant site)
Diabetes
EtOH

36
Q

What are the stages in evolution of an abscess?

A

Day 1-3: Early cerebritis
Day 2-7: Confluent necrosis
Day 5-14: Early encapsulation
Days 14+: Late encapsulation

37
Q

How does tetanus affect the CNS?

A

C. tetani exotoxin binds to interneurons of the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord preventing the release of inhibitory glycine and GABA resulting in motor disinhibition, painful muscle spasms and generalized convulsive seizures

38
Q

How does botulism affect the CNS?

A

C. botulinum exotoxin binds to presynaptic nerve terminals preventing ACh release leading to paralysis presenting as ptosis, diplopia, dysphagia, facial/limb/respiratory weakness

39
Q

What is the affect of lead poisoning on adults? What about children?

A

Adults get peripheral neuropathy

Children get encephalopathy, abdominal pain

40
Q

What drugs are commonly associated with drug-related stroke syndromes?

A

Cocaine, amphetamines, PCP and LSD

41
Q

What are the stages of alcohol withdrawal syndrome?

A

Early hypersympathetic stage for up to 3 days

Delirium tremens 3-4 days after cessation of drinking

42
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Often associated with chronic alcoholism
Thiamine deficiency leads to encephalopathy (nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, gait ataxia and confusion) and Korsakoff psychosis (amnesia, confabulation)

43
Q

Which is more severe: acute bacterial meningitis or viral meningitis?

A

Bacterial is more severe than viral. Can be fatal if not treated early and aggressively.

44
Q

What are the complications of bacterial meningitis?

A

Hydrocephalus due to pus obstructing the CSF pathway
Secondary edema of the cortex
Infarction from inflamed vessels
Deafness

45
Q

What is the presentation of Herpes simplex encephalitis?

A

Frontal and temporal lobe degeneration can cause aphasia, behavioral changes and memory impairment

46
Q

What is shingles?

A

Reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus in the dorsal root ganglia causes vesicular rash with severe pain within a dermatomal distribution

47
Q

What are prion diseases?

A

Infectious proteins (no nucleic acid) that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans and animals. Misfolded prions trigger conformational changes in normal proteins which trigger neuronal death without inflammation.

48
Q

What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A

Prion disease that is rapidly progressive, untreatable and fatal within months. Presents as dementia with myoclonus. Can have corticospinal, extrapyramidal, cerebellar or lower motor neuron signs.

MHD2 Block 2 - Neuro (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions