Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Brain and Behavior Part 2 - My Cards > CNS Histology and Infections > Flashcards

CNS Histology and Infections Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Inflammation restricted to the meninges, no sign of bacteria or fungi

A

Aseptic meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Viral encephalitis restricted to gray matter

A

Polioencephalitis/poliomyelitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Viral encephalitis of both gray and white matter

A

Panencephalitis/Panmyelitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Viral encephalitis restricted to white matter

A

Leukoencephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What virus is usually responsible for aseptic meningitis?

A

Enterovirus, accounts for over 80% of cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What 6 viruses are associated with polioencephalitis?

A

Poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, arbovirus, tick-borne encephalitis, rabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What viruses are associated with panenecephalitis?

A

Necrotizing herpesviruses (HSV) and non-necrotizing viruses (HIV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lymphocytic meningitis, cranial nerve palsies, polyradiculitis (several months after erythema migrans) is associated with what?

A

Lyme disease (Borriela burgdorferi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of leukoencephalitis?

A

JC multifocal leukoencephalopathy, infection of HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What broad classification of viruses is involved in seasonal acute viral encephalitis?

A

Arboviruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most common cause of non-seasonal acute viral encephalitis?

A

Herpes encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are the majority of human arbovirus infections symptomatic or asymptomatic?

A

Asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the natural hosts for most arboviruses?

A

Birds and small mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an example of an amplifying host for arboviruses?

A

Pigs, for japanese encephalitis virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are two examples of dead-end hosts for arboviruses?

A

Humans and horses (equine encephalitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most common form of arbovirus encephalitis?

A

St. Louis encephalitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List features of acute viral encephalitis pathology

A
  1. Perivascular inflammatory infiltrates (lymphocytes) 2. Microglial nodules and neuronophagia, 3. Intranuclear viral inclusions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bilateral asymmetric hemorrhagic necrosis of temporal lobes. Patient presents with nonspecific features of encephalitis (headache, pyrexia, neck stiffness, drowsiness, coma) and focal neurological signs (dysphasia, hemiparesis, focal seizures) and a very high fever. Fatal within a few days without treatment.

A

HSV-1 most common cause. Also HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, but these are much rarer causes.

19
Q

What is the treatment for HSV-1 encephalitis?

A

Aciclovir

20
Q

What are neurological sequelae if a patient does survive a HSV-1 encephalitis?

A

Behavioral abnormalities, memory disturbances, other neurologic deficits.

21
Q

In what two settings does CMV cause significant CNS pathology?

A
  1. Interuterine infection, 2. Immunosuppression (post-transplant, HIV)
22
Q

Insomnia, agitation, aggressive behavior, biting, hypersalivation, hallucination, hydrophobia, dysphagia, dysarthria, nystagmus

A

Furious rabies. 70-80% of patients.

23
Q

Type of rabies with ascending paralysis of one or more limbs, simulating Guillan-Barre, sensory loss and incontinence

A

Dumb rabies. 20-30% of patients.

24
Q

What happens after a person gets bitten by an animal with rabies?

A

Rabiesvirus replicates in skeletal muscle –> taken up by axons –> transported centripetally to the CNS –> replicates and spreads within the CNS through the spinal cord to cerebellum and cerebrum

25
Q

What is the incubation period for rabies?

A

1-2 months, but can vary from 15 days - 1 year

26
Q

What is the most common neurological fungal infection? The second most common?

A
  1. Cryptococcus, 2. Asprgilloma
27
Q

Two main ways that aspergilloma enters the brain?

A
  1. Hematogenous spread (arising from the bloodstream) 2. Direct spread, arising from the cranial cavity, such as a sinonasal infection.
28
Q

What happens when you have hematogenous dissemination of aspergillosis?

A

Multiple lesions, often in the ACA or MCA territory. Often involve the cerebral cortex, white matter, and basal ganglia, but brain stem and cerebellar structures may also be affected. Early lesions resemble hemorrhagic infarcts, thrombosis, etc. These may then form abscesses.

29
Q

What happens when you have direct spread of aspergillus?

A

You are more likely to get chronic, relatively localized infection with a tendency toward fibrosis and granuloma formation.

30
Q

What are cysticerci?

A

Larvae of Taenia solium tapeworm

31
Q

How is Taenia solium transmitted?

A

Usually through eggs in uncooked pork

32
Q

How much of an inflammatory response do cysts from cysticercosis cause?

A

Almost no inflammatory response

33
Q

Cryptococcomas

A

Cryptococcal abscesses

34
Q

How common are cryptococcomas?

A

Much less common than cryptococcal meningitis, tend to form in non-immunocompromised patients

35
Q

Primary infection for cryptococcomas and cryptococcal meningitis is usually where?

A

Pulmonary, and then subsequent hematogenous spread to the CNS occurs.

36
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Viral encephalitis restricted to gray matter

37
Q

Embolites from endocarditis that can cause infection are called

A

Septic emboli

38
Q

focal, destructive lesions (occasionally multifocal) of the brain parenchyma due to necrosis mediated by acute inflammation in response to bacterial infection

A

Abscess

39
Q

Symptoms of abscess

A

fever and focalizing neurological symptoms/signs related to the localization of the lesion

40
Q

purulent meningitis =?

A

Bacterial meningitis

41
Q

Most common meningitis bacteria in neonates

A

Group B strep
E coli
Listeria monocytogenes

42
Q

The primary infection for tb usually occurs in infancy or childhood in developing or developed countries?

A

Developing

43
Q

Presents over 2–3 weeks with a combination of headache, lethargy, nausea, and vomiting. Subsequently causes a variety of neurologic signs including cranial nerve palsies, other focal neurologic deficits, epilepsy, and increasing obtundation. May cause signs of raised intracranial pressure. Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) usually reveals lymphocytosis, a reduced concentration of glucose, and an increase in protein. H&E section shows granulomatous inflammation with multinucleated giant cells surrounding a necrotic center.

A

TB meningitis

44
Q

Associated with fresh water swimming

A

Naegleria fowleri

Brain and Behavior Part 2 - My Cards (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions