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Neuroscience > CNS development > Flashcards

CNS development Flashcards

1
Q

What week does the nervous system arise?

A

Week 3

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2
Q

What is the first sign of the nervous system from the trilaminar disk?

A

Thickened plate of ectoderm in mid dorsal region

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3
Q

How happens to the neural plate?

A

Lateral edges elevate to form neural folds, as development continues the lateral edges rise further and approach in the midline before fusing - forming the neural tube.

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4
Q

How does the neural tube fuse?

A

Begins at the cervical region and proceeds caudally and cranially.

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5
Q

What is the neuropore?

A

Cranial and caudal neuropore (i.e. the open ends of the neural tube)

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6
Q

When does the neural tube fully close?

A

By day 28

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7
Q

What does failure of the cranial neuropore lead to?

A

Anencephaly

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8
Q

What does failure of the caudal neuropore lead to?

A

Spina bifida

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9
Q

What cells form where the peak of the neural plate edges meet?

A

Neural crest cells

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10
Q

What do neural crest cells become?

A

Sensory neurons with cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion

Postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system

Schwann cells and satellite cells of the PNS

Melanocytes in the skin

Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla

Craniofacial mesenchyme

Cardiac outflow tract

Enteric nervous system

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11
Q

What promotes neural tube craniocaudal patterning?

A

HOX genes

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12
Q

What patterns the neural tube dorso-ventrally?

A

Shh from notochord

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13
Q

What does dorsal ventral patterning lead to?

A

Signalling molecules released from the notochord and ectoderm separate the neural tube into a dorsal half and ventral half throughout the length of the neural tube.

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14
Q

What does the grey matter of the dorsal half of the tube form?

A

The alar plate.

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15
Q

What does the grey matter of the ventral half of the tube form?

A

The basal plate

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16
Q

What do the alar and basal plates produce?

A

Alar plate derivatives deal with sensory processing.

Basal plate derivatives include motor neurons.

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17
Q

What separates the alar and basal plates?

A

The two areas are separated by the sulcus limitans, a longitudinal groove in the lateral wall of the neural tube.

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18
Q

What happens to the basal/alar organisation in adults?

A

This organisation is present in the spinal cord and brainstem and though the sulcus limitans eventually disappears it can be seen in the adult spinal cord.

The central grey matter can be divided into the posterior horn and anterior horn.

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19
Q

How are basal and alar plates differently organised in the brainstem?

A

The alar plates are pushed lateral to the basal plates

As a result in the rostral medulla and caudal pons, sensory nuclei are located lateral rather than posterior to motor nuclei.

The sensory and motor nuclei in the basal and alar plates become distinct structures.

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20
Q

What stage is the tube at by 28 days?

A

Three vesicle stage - three dilations (vesicles)

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21
Q

What are the three vesicles?

A

Forebrain (Prosencephalon)

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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22
Q

What does the prosencephalon (forebrain) give rise to?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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23
Q

What is the junction between the midbrain and hindbrain known as?

A

Cephalic flexure

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24
Q

What does the hindbrain give rise to?

A

Gives rise to the Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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25
Q

What is the junction between the hindbrain and spinal cord known as?

A

Cervical flexure.

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26
Q

What does the telencephalon give rise to?

A

Gives rise to the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

27
Q

What does the diencephalon give rise to?

A

Gives rise to the optic vesicle, thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary

28
Q

What parts of the ventricular system does the telencephalon surround?

A

Lateral vesicles

29
Q

What parts of the ventricular system does the diencephalon surround?

A

Third ventricle

30
Q

What does the mesencephalon give rise to?

A

Gives rise to the midbrain, including the superior (visual) and inferior (auditory) colliculi

31
Q

What parts of the ventricular system does the mesencephalon surround?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

32
Q

What does the metencephalon give rise to?

A

Gives rise to the cerebellum and pons

33
Q

What parts of the ventricular system do the metencephalon and myelencephalon surround?

A

Fourth ventricle

34
Q

What does the myelencephalon give rise to?

A

Medulla oblongata

35
Q

What marks the metencephalon myelencephalon boundary?

A

Pontine flexure

36
Q

What cells initially line the neural groove?

A

Neuroepithelial cells

37
Q

When the tube closes what to neuroepithelial cells become?

A

Neuroblasts

38
Q

What forms spinal cord grey matter?

A

Neuroblast inner mantle layer

39
Q

What forms spinal cord white matter?

A

Neuroblast projections to the marginal layer

40
Q

What form the sensory ganglia/DRG ?

A

Neural crest cells

41
Q

Describe the brainstem nuclei types going away from sulcus limitans

A

General visceral, special visceral and somatic afferent/efferent fibres.

42
Q

How does the choroid plexus develop?

A

Ependymal cells lining ventricle becomes covered by vascular mesenchyme (pia mater) - this proliferates, forms invaginations.

43
Q

What is the first sign of cerebellar development?

A

Dorsolateral portions of the alar plate in the metencephalon thicken to form the rhombic lips.

These continue to enlarge, finally fusing in the midline with the rhombic lip on the other side of the pontine flexure to form the cerebellar plate.

44
Q

What separates the nodule and flocculus from the vermis and lateral hemispheres respectively?

A

Transverse fissure

45
Q

When does the cerebellar plate form?

A

Around 8-12 weeks

46
Q

What is the cerebellar plate initially formed from, describe its organisation?

A

Neuroepithelial layer and mantle layer and a marginal layer, with the neuroepithelial layer facing towards the fourth ventricle.

47
Q

How does the cerebellar plate change (migration)?

A

Cells from the neuroepithelium migrate to the surface of the cerebellum to form the external granular layer.

At 6 months the external granular layer cells migrate inward from the surface, forming granule cells. These surround differentiating Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex.

48
Q

What generates the cerebellum folia?

A

Neuroepithelium in external granule layer proliferate causing the external granular layer to grow the small gyri called folia

49
Q

What plates does the diencephalon contain?

A

Roof plate and alar plates, but no floor/basal plate.

50
Q

How does the hypothalamus and thalamus form?

A

At 8 weeks the alar plate is split by the hypothalamic sulcus into the hypothalamus and thalamus.

51
Q

What two tissues does the pituitary form from?

A

An invagination in the roof of the stomodeum (primitive oral cavity) immediately anterior to the oropharyngeal membrane called Rathke’s pouch forms at around 3 weeks.

A downward extension of the diencephalon called the infundibulum

52
Q

What are the origins of the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

Rathke’s pouch forms the anterior pituitary while the infundibulum forms the posterior lobe

53
Q

How do the caudate and putamen/ GP develop?

A

Corpus striatum becomes divided into two parts: the caudate nucleus and lentiform/lenticular nucleus (which gives rise to the putamen and globus pallidus).

54
Q

What causes the division in the corpus striatum which gives rise to the caudate and putamen?

A

The division is caused by axons from the cortex breaking through the corpus striatum. Said fibre bundle will form the internal capsule.

55
Q

The retina develops from

A

Neuroectoderm in the inner layer of the optic cup as part from the diencephalon

56
Q

Hydrocephalus is caused by

A

Blockage of the ventricular system producing a accumulation of CSF in the skull

57
Q

Spinal motor neurons are formed in the…

A

Ventral neural tube (in the basal plate)

58
Q

Adult neurogenesis has been described in the

A

Olfactory bulb SVZ and hippocampus (dentate gyrus)

59
Q

Where does the substantia gelatinosa develop?

A

Dorsal neural tube (Alar plate)

60
Q

Which neurons in the cortex migrate via radial migration?

A

Glutaminergic

61
Q

Which neurons in the cortex migrate via tangenital migration?

A

GABAergic

62
Q

Where do cortex GABAergic neurons migrate from?

A

Ganglionic eminence

63
Q

What neurons migrate via tangential migration?

A

GABAergic CTX neurons, SVZ to olfactory bulb

64
Q

Why is there large scale axon elimination during development of nervous system?

A

Primary axon extends well past its targets, which are later innervated by collateral branches that form de novo interstitially along the primary axon.

Excess collaterals and overshooting lengths are eliminated by degeneration

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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