CNS (Brain and Spinal cord) Flashcards
What is the goal of CNS?
to survive long enough to pass your genes
What do sensory receptors do?
pickup the physical stimulus into language neurons would understand
-also creates the action potential
What are glia cells?
supporting cells
What is the dorsal horn responsible for?
sensory input
Through where does the sensory input enter?
the dorsal root ganglion
What is the lateral horn?
autonomic nervous system
Through where does the signal move out?
through the ventral root
What is the white matter ?
sends information to the brain and from the brain
What is the gray matter?
consists of sensory and motor nuclei
What is the ventral horn responsible for?
motor control (motor cell bodies)
Functions of the spinal cord
reflex and signal transduction
-from touching fire, theres a sensory input and a motor output
-reflex arc
Cerebral cortex
-gray matter
-a lot of neurons
What does the telencephalon include?
-thalamus
-hypothalamus
-epithelium
Thalamus
-like a train station, all info move to your cortex from your body
Corpus callosum
connection between two hemisphere of the brain (good communication between left and right brain)
Dicephalon
connects corpus callosum to the brain
hypothalamus
-controls pituitary gland
-controls body temp
-osmoreceptor
-thirst, sexual desire, and hunger
Functional areas of cerebral cortex
-Occipital lobe: vision
-parietal lobe: sensory information from skin, musculoskeletal system, viscera, and taste buds
-Frontal lobe: skeletal muscle movement
-Temporal lobe: Hearing
Brain lateralization
the right side of the brain controls left side of the body and the left side of your brain controls the right side of your body
Occipital lobe
-visual information gonna go thru your two eyes then cranial nerve #2 and go to the thalamus, and from there to occipital lobe
-left visual field is analyzed by the right cortex
-right visual field is analyzed by the left cortex
Parietal lobe
- a lot of neurons represent face and hands -> a lot of neurons means resolution is high
-fewer neurons -> low resolution
Frontal lobe
-controls the muscle
-many neurons on the face and hands (delicate movements)
-Forearm, arm, trunk, pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot are big muscles so dont have a lot of neurons controlling them. Advantage: is they produce a lot of power
The prefrontal cortex
-function is high level reasoning and decision making
-Phineas P. Gage (speared his prefrontal cortex and was fine but had major behavioral changes)
-Frontal lobotomy: to try to treat patients with serious anger problems
Basal Ganglia (basal nuclei)
-gray matter
-releases dopamine (rigorous system) and also motor control
-motor control requires various areas of the brain
-when basal ganglia neurons die, you can get parkinson disease
-Parkison disease: lose motor control gradually and language function
Limbic system
-has more than one brain area
-gray matter
-Cingulate gyrus: plays a role in emotion
-Hippocampus: involved in learning and memory ->required to turn something into a memory
-Amygdala: involved in emotion and memory (panic button if activated too much)
Henrv Molaison
-had epilepsy so could not control movement
-removed his hippocampus and now had memory problems, was not able to produce new memories
Memory processing
-Information input goes into short term memory unless its processed and stored in long term memory
Information input -> short-term memory -> consolidation (requires hippocampus, repetition helps, turns into long-term memory) -> long-term memory -> locate and recall -> output (memory retrieved)
-not good sleep compromises this process
Reflexive (implicit) memory
- you don’t use words to explain, you just do
-recall is automatic and is unconscious
-acquired slowly thru repetition
-includes motor skills, rules and procedures
Declarative (explicit) memory
-memory you use words to explain
-hippocampus required
-recall requires conscious attention
Sleep patterns
-deeper sleep creates bigger waves and neurons are fired synchronously
-REM: dreaming (activity similar to when you’re awake
-when you go to sleep your brain is more activated than when you’re awake
-rehearsing what you learned during the day
-gets rid of waste particles
-you dream 4-5 times but only remember the last one
