Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are 4 parts of the CNS?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the three parts the brain can be split up into?

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the forebrain composed of?

A

diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the hindbrain composed of?

A

pons,medulla,cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the diencephalon composed of ?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the brainstem composed of?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

briefly describe what the hypothalamus does?

A

it has lots of nuclei which secrete neurotransmitters into the blood supply that supplies the pituitary gland and it causes it to secrete hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the four lobes?

A

parietal, frontal, occipital, temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of each of the four lobes?

A

frontal- motor function, cognitive function(planning memory, executive function-mulitasking),language
parietal-sensation, spatial orientation and self-perception
temporal-auditory
occipital- vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the name of the sulcus that separate the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is the pre and post central gyrus located and what primary cortices do they each contain?

A

pre-central gyrus in frontal lobe and has the primary motor cortex.
post-central gyrus is in the parietal lobe and has the primary sensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the name of the component that separates the frontal and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe?

A

lateral fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the name of the component that separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?

A

parieto-occipital sulcus/fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the limbic lobe include?

A

hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, mammillary body, amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the limbic lobe concerned with?

A

learning, memory , emotion, motivation and reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where is the insular cortex (lobe) located?

A

lies deep within the lateral fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the insular cortex (lobe) concerned with?

A

visceral sensations(sensations from the organs), autonomic control, interoception (understand what is going on inside you), auditory procession, visual-vestibular integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

dura, arachnoid, pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the dura layer and what are they like?

A

periosteal- layer of periosteum

meningeal- durable, dense fibrous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is the CSF absorbed back into the blood stream?

A

arachnoid villi/granulations into superior sagittal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the subarachnoid space and what is in it?

A

space in between the pia mater and arachnoid, CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the arachnoid like?

A

thin, transparent, fibrous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the pia like?

A

thin, translucent and mesh-like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

in the choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

26
Q

what does CSF occupy?

A

subarachnoid space, ventricular system

27
Q

how many ml of CSF is produced each day?

A

500

28
Q

should CSF have blood and protein?

A

No blood

very little protein - 0.035 gm/dL

29
Q

compare the following for CSF and Plasma: PH, Glucose, Proteins, sodium, potassium

A

PH:
plasma- 7.41
CSF-7.33

glucose:
plasma-90 mg/dL
CSF-60 mg/dL

Proteins:
plasma-7.0 gm/dL
CSF-0.035 gm/dL

Sodium:
Plasma-135 mEg/dL
CSF-135 mEg/dL

potassium:
Plasma- 5 mEg/dL
CSF- 2.8 mEg/dL

30
Q

what is the difference between dorsal and ventral?

A

dorsal: towards the back
ventral: towards the front

31
Q

what type of nerve modality is in the ventral side and dorsal side (root and rootlets)?

A

ventral-motor/efferent

dorsal-sensory/afferent

32
Q

what is contained in grey matter?

A

collection of cell bodies

33
Q

what is contained in white matter?

A

tracts that are going up and down and out

34
Q

which is shorter, the spinal cord or the vertebral column?

A

spinal cord

35
Q

how many vertebrae bones are there and how many pairs of nerves are there?

A

vertebrae bones-31

pairs of nerves-30

36
Q

what are the 5 segments of the spinal cord and vertebrae column? and how many pairs of nerves are in each segment?

A 
cervical- 8
thoracic-12
lumbar-5
sacral-5
coccygeal-1
37
Q

what do nerves emerge through when leaving the spinal cord?

A

intervertebral foramina

38
Q

between which 2 regions does the relationship between nerves and foramina change?

A

cervical and thoracic

39
Q

which nerves emerge above vertebrae?

A

c1-c7

40
Q

which nerves emerge below vertebrae?

A

c8-co1

41
Q

what are the 2 spine enlargement and what do they innervate(going out and coming in)?

A

cervical enlargement- upper limbs

lumbar enlargement- lower limbs

42
Q

what is the major DESCENDING pathway and what does it control ? what modality of neurons is present and where?

A

Corticospinal tract for VOLUNTARY movement
UPPER motor neurons.
corticospinal- primary motor cortex and spinal cord
corticobulbar- primary motor cortex and brainstem

43
Q

what are the 2 major ASCENDING pathways and what are they in for?

A

dorsal column pathway- FINE touch(can localise stimulus), vibration, proprioception
spinothalamic pathway-CRUDE touch(can’t localise stimulus), pain and temperature

44
Q

in terms of location, what are the 3 corticospinal and spinothalamic tracts and what do they control?

A

lateral corticospinal tract-motor
ventral/anterior corticospinal tract- motor

lateral spinothalamic tract-pain, temperature
ventral spinothalamic tract- crude touch

45
Q

where are upper and lower motor neurons located and what does a lesion in each area result in?

A

upper motor neuron- pre central gyrus (motor cortex). lesion results in a stroke
lower motor neuron- spinal cord, or brain stem. lesion results in motor neuron disease.

46
Q

what percentage of fibres in the corticospinal tract decussate?

A

85

47
Q

where do 85% of the fibres of the corticospinal tract decussate?

A

medulla

48
Q

what do the lateral and anterior corticospinal tract each innovate?

A

lateral(decussate)- limb muscles

anterior(ipsilateral/do not decussate)- trunk muscles

49
Q

which muscles do the fibres that go through the following nuclei control? oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal motor, abducens, facial, hypoglossal

A 
oculomotor- extraocular muscles
trochlear- extraocular muscles
trigeminal-muscles of mastication
abducens-extraocular muscles
facial-muscles of facial expression
hypoglossal-muscles of the tongue
50
Q

does the corticospinal tract travel through the posterior or anterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

posterior limb of the internal capsule

51
Q

what are the INVOLUNTARY motor tracts , where are they located and what do they each control?

A

located deep within the brainstem.
vestibulospinal- provides info about head movement and position and mediated postural adjustments
tectospinal- orientation of the head and neck during eye movements
reticulospinal- control of breathing and emotional motor function
rubrospinal- innervate lower motor neurons of the upper limb

52
Q

in the dorsal column pathway, once fibres enter the dorsal horn, information conveyed in the LOWER LIMBS (below T6) travel ipsilaterally along which tract?

A

gracile tract

53
Q

in the dorsal column pathway, once fibres enter the dorsal horn, information conveyed in the UPPER LIMBS (above T6) travel ipsilaterally along which tract?

A

cuneate tract

54
Q

With ALL sensory pathways, the synapse between which two neurons causes the second neuron to cross to the other side of the body?

A

first and second neuron

55
Q

in the sensory pathways, where is the cell body for the primary, secondary and tertiary neurons located? and use that to explain the difference between the spinothalamic and dorsal pathway.

A 
primary cell body- dorsal root ganglion
tertiary cell body- thalamus
secondary cell body: 
spinothalamic- spinal cord
dorsal-medulla
56
Q

where do the fibres decussate in the corticospinal, spinothalamic and dorsal pathway?

A

corticospinal-medulla
dorsal-medulla
spinothalamic- spinal cord

57
Q

where is the first synapse of the gracile tract?

where is the first synapse of the cuneate tract?

A

gracile nucleus

cuneate nucleus

58
Q

finish the following sentences for the DORSAL pathway:
second order axons decussate in the ……?
from the…..?
synapse in the…..?
third order neurons from the thalamus project to the …?
size of the somatotopic areas is proportional to …?

A 
caudal medulla
contralateral medial lemniscus tract
thalamus
somatosensory cortex
density of sensory receptors in that body region (somatosensory homunculus)
59
Q

which pathway do pain and temperature ascend?

which pathway does crude touch ascend?

A

lateral spinothalamic tract

anterior/ventral spinothalamic tract

60
Q

list the steps of the spinothalamic pathway.

A

primary afferent axons terminate upon entering the spinal cord
second order neurons decussate immediately in the spinal cord to form the spinothalamic tract. they terminate in the thalamus
if its pain and temp, it ascends the lateral spinothalamic tract
if it is crude touch, it ascends the anterior/ventral spinothalamic tract
third order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex

61
Q

list the steps of the dorsal column pathway.

A

fibres enter via the dorsal horn and enter ascending dorsal column pathways.
information conveyed from the lower limbs and body (below T6) travel ipsilaterally along the gracile tract.
information conveyed from the upper limbs and body (above T6) travel ipsilaterally along the cuneate tract.
secondary order axons decussate in the caudal medulla.
they then synapse in the thalamus.
third order neurons from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex.

Neuroscience (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions