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Neuroscience > Cells of the nervous system and neuromuscular junction > Flashcards

Cells of the nervous system and neuromuscular junction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the roles of the frontal,temporal,parietal and occipital lobe?

A

Frontal-higher processing,feelings,emotions
Temporal-sound hearing
Occipital- visual processing
Parietal -motor and sensory processing

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2
Q

What does the brainstem consist of?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla (descending order)

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3
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Motor coordination, balance and posture

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4
Q

What are the 4 components of the CNS?

A

Cerebral hemispheres, brainstem, cerebellum and Spinal cord

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of neuron morphology

A

unipolar, pseudo-unipolar, dipolar, multipolar

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6
Q

what are the three types of multipolar neurons

A

pyramidal, purkinje and golgi (both of which are GABA neurons found in the cerebellum)

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7
Q

what are the 3 components of a neuron

A

soma, axon, dendrites

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8
Q

what is one key difference between an axon and a dendrite

A

axons are usually covered in myelin and dendrites are not

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9
Q

how many axons do neurons have

A

ONE

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10
Q

What is the most abundant cell type in the CNS

A

Astrocytes

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11
Q

What are the three functions of an astrocyte

A

cell repair (synthesis neurotrophic factors), homeostasis (neurotransmitter removal and uptake) , structural cells (blood brain barrier)

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12
Q

What is the function of an oligodendrocyte

A

produces myelin

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13
Q

what are the two differences between a oligodendrocyte and a schwaan cell

A

oligodendrocyte-CNS , schwaan-PNS.

oligodendrocyte myelinates parts of many axons. Schwaan cells only myelinate a segment of one axon.

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14
Q

what is the function of a microglial cell

A

immune function- similar to a macrophage

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15
Q

what is the function of the ependymal cell

A

epithelial cells- line fluid filled ventricles to control the movement and regulate the production of CFS

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16
Q

what are the 5 types of neuroglia cells

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocyte, schwaan cell, microglial, ependymal

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17
Q

what are the 4 major ions that affect resting membrane potential?

A

K+, Na+, Cl-, Ca2+

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18
Q

how do ions travel across the neuron’s cell membrane?

A

by channels and pumps

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19
Q

which ions are of high concentration OUTSIDE of the neuronal cell?

A

Na+, Cl-

20
Q

which ion is there a high concentration of INSIDE of the neuronal cell?

A

K+

21
Q

Which ion has a high concentration gradient?

A

Ca2+

22
Q

What is the RMP usually ?

A

-70mv (between -40 to -90)

23
Q

Is the outside or the inside of the neuronal cell more negative?

A

inside. charges are concentrated around the membrane

24
Q

if the RMP is more negative ( eg -90mV), is the neuronal cell more or less excitable?

A

Less

25
Q

At RMP are VGSC and VGKC open or closed?

A

closed

26
Q

what happens during membrane depolarisation?

A

opening of VGSC, Na+ influx

27
Q

what happens during membrane repolarisation?

A

opening of VGKC, k+ efflux. VGKC are slower at opening

28
Q

how is the ion gradient restored?

A

using Na+-K+-ATPase (pump)

29
Q

what happens during resting configuration?

A

Na+ enters vestibule (leaves cell) and upon phosphorylation- ions are transported through protein

30
Q

what happens during active configuration?

A

Na+ removed from cell- K+ enters the vestibule (cell)

31
Q

why does myelin prevent AP from spreading?

A

it has high resistance and low capacitance ( ability to store charge)

32
Q

whats the term for when AP ‘jumps’ from one node of ranvier to another?

A

saltatory conduction

33
Q

what are the 4 steps of neurotransmission that occur at the synapse?

A

1) propagation of an action potential
2) neurotransmitter release from vesicles
3) activation of post-synaptic receptors
4) neurotransmitter reuptake

34
Q

what happens to the neurotransmitter once it dissociates from the receptors?

A
  • metabolised by enzymes in synaptic cleft

- recycled by transporter proteins

35
Q

what are the two types of communication between nerve cells?

A

autocrine(same cell) and paracrine(nearby cell)

36
Q

what are the 3 types of synpatic organisation?

A
  • axodendritic synapse
  • axosomatic synapse
  • axoaxonic synapse
37
Q

at the neuromuscular junction is chemical communication unidirectional or bidirectional?

A

unidirectional

38
Q

what is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction and what are the post synaptic receptors on the skeletal muscle?

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChR)

39
Q

what must happen to the end plate potential (EPP) for an AP to be generated ?

A

increase. need lots of miniature EPP to generate an AP.

40
Q

what is the sarcolemma?

A

cell membrane of muscle cell

41
Q

Describe the excitation-contraction coupling?

A

nAChR activation-> depolarisation->AP.
It then moves down T-tubules.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ following depolarisation.
Muscle contraction (myofibril)

42
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum’s location, function and effect?

A

location: surrounds myofibrils-contractile units of muscle
function: Ca2+ storage and release following sarcolemma depolarisation
effect: myofibril contractions and muscle contraction

43
Q

what occurs during the disorder botulism?

A

botulinum toxin: irreversible disrupts stimulation-induced ACh release form presynaptic nerve terminal ( acts on proteins which then prevent fusion of vesicles)

44
Q

what occurs during the disorder Myasthenia Gravis and what are the effects?

A

autoimmune disorder where antibodies directly bind to MUSCLE TYPE nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
causes fatigable weakness

45
Q

what occurs during the disorder Lamber-Eaton myastenic syndrome (LEMS)?

A

autoimmune disorder where antibodies directly bind to VGCC on the presynaptic terminal. prevent calcium entry. causes fatigable weakness.

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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