Cancer Flashcards
what is a tumour?
any kind of MASS FORMING LESION. may be neoplastic, hamartomatous or inflammatory
what is a neoplasm?
the autonomous growth of tissue which have escaped normal constraints of cell proliferation
what type of tumour is a nasal polyps?
inflammatory. (allergic type)
What are the two types of neoplasm?
benign and malignant
what is the difference between a benign and malignant tumour?
benign remain localised and do not INVADE.
malignant can invade locally and/or SPREAD TO DISTANT SITES
What are cancers?
malignant neoplasms
if you feel e.g. the breast and you feel a lump, if the lump moves, is it likely to benign or malignant?
benign. if it remains fixed it is malignant.
note
many malignant tumours rarely cause death (esp. skin cancers) and some benign tumours do kill because of their location e.g. in the brain
what is basal cell carincoma? what type of cancer is it?
skin cancer. malignant as it invades locally but it does not metastisise.
what are hamartomas?
localised BENIGN overgrowths of one or more mature cell types. e.g.in the lung (cartilage, muscle, epithelium, bronchial tissue)
do hamartomas represent cytological or architechtural abnormalities?
architectural. they are normal tissue in a a normal part of the body but the way they are organised architecturally; there is a problem.
what are heterotopias?
normal tissues being found in parts of the body where they are not normally present. e.g pancreas in the wall of the large intestine.
to classify neoplasms, what is the primary description based on and what is the secondary description based on?
primary description- cell origin
secondary description- benign or malignant.
what does the suffix oma and sarcoma mean?
oma-benign tumour
sarcoma- malignant (soft tissue) tumour.
what is the difference between a sarcoma and a carcinoma?
sarcoma- malignant tumours of connective/soft tissue. e.g. cartilage, muscle, fat
carcinoma-malignant tumours of epithelial cells
what is the name of a benign AND malignant tumour of squamous epithelium? give examples.
benign- squamous epithelioma or papilloma
malignant- squamous cell carcinoma.
examples: skin, oesophagus, cervix, skin, vagina, anus
what is the name of a benign AND malignant tumour of glandular epithelium? give examples.
benign-adenoma
malignant-adenocarcinoma.
examples: breast, colon, pancreas, thyroid, stomach
what is the name of a benign AND malignant tumour of transitional (ability to be stretched) epithelium? give examples.
benign- transitional papilloma
malignant-transitional cell carcinoma
examples: bladder, pelvis
what is the name of a benign AND malignant tumour of smooth muscle? give examples.
benign-leiomyoma
malignant-leiomyosarcoma
examples: uterus, colon, thyroid
what is the name of a benign AND malignant tumour of bone? give examples.
benign-osteoma
malignant-osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)
e.g.arms, legs
what is the name of a benign AND malignant tumour of lymphocytes? give examples.
benign-extremely uncommon
malignant- lymphoma
e.g.lymphoma stomach
what is the name of a benign AND malignant tumour of bone marrow? give examples.
benign- extremely uncommon
malignant- leukaemia
e.g. acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia.
what are the three categories neoplasms can be split up into?
epithelial, connective (soft) tissue, haematological
what are teratomas?
tumours derived from germ cells and can contain tissue derive from all three for 3 germ cell layers. they may contain mature and/or immature tissue and even cancers.