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Pathophys > CNS 4b > Flashcards

CNS 4b Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

communicative cell generates and transmits electrical/ chemical signals
-amitotic (don’t divide). extreme longevity, high metabolic rate (brain needs glucose)

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2
Q

astrocytes

A

attach to neurons and capillaries, monitor chemical environment of brain

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3
Q

microglia

A

immune cells of the brain, similar to mo (engulf and destroy pathogens)

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4
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin sheath (called schwann cells in PNS)

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5
Q

Ependymal cells

A

produce CSF and line cavities (ventricles) of brain

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6
Q

Parts of neuron-dendrite

A
  • receiving part filled with receptors
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7
Q

Cell body

A

-soma
nucleus: collection of cell bodies CNS
ganglion: collection of cell bodies in PNS

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8
Q

Axon

A

one long, from soma

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9
Q

Myelin

A

-insulates/protects axon
-speeds nerve conduction

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10
Q

-white matter____, gray matter____

A

myelinated, non-myelinated

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11
Q

sensory neurons

A

transmit impulses from peripheral sensory receptors to the CNS

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12
Q

sensory neurons transmitted

A

via afferent pathway

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13
Q

interneurons

A

transmit impulses from neuron to neuron

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14
Q

motor neurons

A

transmit pulses from CNS to an effector organ
via effernt pathway

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15
Q

sensory neuron types

A

-nociceptors (pain)
-mechanoreceptors (touch, pressure)
-thermoreceptors (temp)
-proprioceptors (location of bosy parts)

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16
Q

Neuronal communication- electrical

A

AP traveling down nerve axon
Action Potential generated by depolarization of cell membrane

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17
Q

Neuronal communication- chemical

A

neaurotransmitter release across synapse

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18
Q

in chemical communication, ___synaptic cell releases and ____synaptic cell receives (contains receptor for NT)

A

Pre, Post

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19
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

produced in neuron, held in vesicle until signaled to release

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20
Q

Effect of neurotransmitter determined by ____

A

action on postsynaptic neuron (excitary or inhibitory)

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21
Q

Excitatory

A

depolarizes cell; EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials)

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22
Q

Inhibitory

A

hyperpolarizes cell; inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

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23
Q

Common neurotransmitters

A

NE, ACh, dopamine, histamine, endorphins,
major two:
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): inhibitory
glutamate: excitatory

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24
Q

____can interfere with neurotransmitter production, storage, release, reception or metabolism

A

drugs

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25
Q

AGO drugs=

A

agonist (stimulating)

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26
Q

ANT drugs=

A

antagonist blocking

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27
Q

brain regions

A

-cerebrum
-dienchephalon: hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus
-brainstem: midbrain, pons, mnedulla oblongata
-cerebellum

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28
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

superficial 2-4mm layer of gray matter

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29
Q

Three functional areas of cerebral cortex

A

motor, sensory, association

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30
Q

each hemisphere concerned with ___side of body

A

contralateral (opposite)

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31
Q

lateralization

A

specialization of cortical function can occur in only one hemisphere

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32
Q

conscious behavior

A

involves entire cortex in one way or another

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33
Q

primary motor cortex

A

-allows conscious control of skeletal muscle movement
-all muscles can be mapped to area on primary motor cortex by a homunculus
-damage to this area (from stroke) paralyzes muscles

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34
Q

premotor cortex

A

-plans skille dmovement
-staging area for repetitious, patterned motor skills

35
Q

Broca’s area

A

-present in onlt one hemisphere (usually left)
-motor speech area: directs muscles of speech production

36
Q

Frontal eye field

A

controls volunatary eye movements

37
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

-receives sensory info from skin, skeletal m,uscle, joints, tendons
-spatial discrimination: can identify body region being stimulated
-just like motor cortex, has representative homunculus showing contralateral sensory input from body

38
Q

somatosensory association cortex

A

-integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for unerstanding objects
-determines size, texture of sensed objects

39
Q

visual areas

A

-primary visual cortex receives visual stimuli- damage results in blindness
-visual association area interprets; damage allows individual to see but not comprehend what they see

40
Q

auditory area

A

primary auditory cortex interprets info from inner ear (loudness, pitch, locatioon)
-auditory associate area: stores memories of sounds

41
Q

Vestibular cortex

A

conscious awareness of balance

42
Q

olfactory cortex

A

conscious awareness of odors

43
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

perception of taste

44
Q

Visceral sensory area

A

perception of visceral sensations
-ex: empty stomach, full bladder

45
Q

anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)

A

most complicated cortical region
-involved in intellect, cognition, recall, personality
-allows us to plan, decide, make judgments, use reason

46
Q

posterior association area

A

recognizing patterns, faces, localizing us in space
-damage here affects perception of own body
-individual fails to recognize limbs on side contralteral to damage (opposite)
-involved in understanding written and spoken lanuage (Wernicles area)

47
Q

Limbic association area

A

part of limbic system
-provides emotional impact that makes a scens important to us and helps establish memories

48
Q

cerebral white matter

A

association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers

49
Q

basal nuclei

A

recives input from cerebral cortex

50
Q

basal nuclei functions

A

regulate intensity of slow or sterotypes movements (swinging arms while walking)
-filter out incorrect/inappropiate respones
-inhibit antagonistic/unneccessary movements

51
Q

_____and______are disorders of the basal nuclei

A

Parkinson’s disease and Huntingtons disease

52
Q

regions of gray matter embedded deep in cerebrum

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

53
Q

thalamus

A

relays sensory impluses to cerebral cortex for interpretation
-involved in memory processing
-relays impulses btwn cerebral motor cortex and lower (subcortical) motor centers, inclugin cerbellum

54
Q

Hypothalamus

A

cheif integration center of autonomic (involuntary) nervous syestem
regulates body temp, food intake, water balance, thirst, biological rythms
-regulates hormonal output of pituatry gland
-acts as an endocrine organ. producing ADH, oxytocin

55
Q

limbic system

A

includes cerebral and diencephalon structures
-mediates emotional response
-memory processing

56
Q

midbrain

A

contains visual and auditory reflex centers
contains nuclie for CN III and CN IV
subcortical motor centers

57
Q

pons

A

relays info from cerebrum to cerebellum
-cooperates w/ medullary respiratory centers to control breathe rate and depth
contains nuclei of crainial nerve V-VII
projection fibers

58
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

relays ascending sensory pathways impulses from skin and proprioceptors though nuclei cuneatus and gracilis
-relays sensory info to cerebellum
projection fibers

59
Q

reticular formation

A

maintains cerbeal cortical alertness
-filters out repetitive stimuli
-helps regulate skeletal and virceral muscle activity

60
Q

protective features of CNS

A

-bone: skull and vertebre
-meninges: protective membranes: pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
-cerebrospinal fluid: bathes the brain, spinal cord
-blood-brain barrier: cells lining blood vessels in the brain

61
Q

BBB

A

-lipid soluble substances pass through easily: O2, CO2, ethanol
-glucose redialy taken up

62
Q

BBB protects brain from ______in the blood

A

pathogens, toxins, antibodies, pharmaceutical drugs

63
Q

effect of constrained space

A

other tissues increase blood flow by vasodilation

64
Q

brain has to _____blood flow bc it sits inside rigid, closed cranium

A

autoregulate

65
Q

when capillaries in one area dilate_____

A

capillaries elsewhere must constrict

66
Q

anything that increases blood flow will increase intracranial pressure (ICP):

A

bleeding
tumot
inflammation

67
Q

increased ICP leads to

A

collapse of veins
decrease in effective CPP
reduces blood flow
nausea/ vomitting
changes in viosn
loss of consciousness
behavriol changes
Cushings triad

68
Q

Cushings triad

A

irregular slow respiration, bradycardia, systolic htn
due to edeam and compression of brainstem

69
Q

spinal cord

A

-long tract of nerves connecting the brain and body
-gray matter wrapped in white matter
-conducts somatic and autonomic reflexes
-transmits and modulates sensory and motor signals

70
Q

Physcial trauma to CNS

A

localized (focal)- contusion, hematoma
spread out (diffuse)- concussion, diffuse axonal injury
-most likely causes are car accident, sports injuries , falls, blows to the head
direct force= primairy injury
brain in skill= secondary injury

71
Q

Focal injuries

A

lacerations (scalp)
fractures (skull)
hematoma- pooling of blood outside of vessels: a contusion- is a type of hematoma. bleeding, edema, increased ICP. Hypoxia and necrosis are common, severty depends on impact energy

72
Q

diffuse injuries: concussions

A

-widespread damage to brain tissue
-usually result of mechanical effects:
rapid acceleration/deceleration (whiplash), rotational (twisting or strasraining of neck)
-casues axonal injury and small vessel tears
-cognitive and behavriol impairment (severity depends on extent of damage)

73
Q

molecular mechanism of neuronal injury

A

membrane depolarization from force of injury:
-Na and Ca channels open
-glutamate released –> excitotoxicity
mitochondrial dysfxn
-oxidative stress, ROS -> lipid peroxidation
inflammation
-BBB becomes leaky, WBC infiltration, microglia activation
-can occlude tiny cerebral vessels
-incr ICP decr CPP, ischemia–> promotes more damage
axonal injury
-mech forces stretch and tear axons-> distruption of signaling, confusion, disorientation, headache
energy mismatch
-ischemia–> decr glucose supply
-excess glucose useage to fuel Na/K/ATP pump to correct imbalances
changes in conciousnesness
-incr inhibitory signals in structures governeing sleep-wake
-disruption of reticular activating system that regulates arousal

74
Q

tx for diffuse energy

A

-rest and restricted activity
-symptoms shoudl resolve once damage repaired
microglia engulf cell debris
microvessesl repaired
synaptic connection rearranged to regain fxn-Neuroplasticity

75
Q

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

-evidence that repeated head trauma causes perm changes: football players, hockey players, boxers
-diffuse neuronal death, atrophy: histologically disticnt from otgher types of neuodegen
personality and behavriol changes

76
Q

infections of CNS

A

inflammation:
-leaky capillaries BB
-incr blood flow to area–> incr ICP
compression of structures-> changes in fxn
death of CNS tissue may be nevrotic
ex: meningitis, encephalitis, prion dx

77
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges covering brain or spinal cord: usually arachnoid layer: bacterial, fungal, viral
-systemic inflamm response: fever, trachycardia
-brain inflamm response: altered cognition (confusion, lethargy)
-dural nociceptors activated: headache, pain in the neck, back
-crainial nerves inflamm: impaired CN respones: light sensitivty

78
Q

meningitis complications

A

vascular
-ischemic stroke: damages endothelium prone to thrombosis
-hemorrhagic stroke: weakened vessel walls rupture
fluid-based
-cerebral edema: incr perm of BBB from inflamm
-hydrocephalus: CSF accumulates due to blocked drainage

79
Q

Encepalitis

A

inflammation of the brain (tissue)
-most common cause is herpes simplex, west niole, rabies, enteroviruses
-bacterial, fungal, parasitic, autoimmune
-immunocomprospised at higher risk
pathogen invasion: inflamm response
-wbc infiltration, complement activation, cytokine release
-edema, ince ICP, compressin damages brain tissue

80
Q

Prion =

A

Prp= normal structural protein in the brain

81
Q

diseased prions (PrPSC)=

A

Structurally abnormal and can make normal proteins abnormal through contact

82
Q

Creutzfedlt-Jacob dx (CJD)

A

Prion dx
-sparodic: random structural change of protein(90%)
0hereditary: mutated gene produces unstable protein (autosom dom)
-acquired: introduced to body from external source (eat something with diseased prion)

83
Q

prion disease effects

A

PrPSC aggregates in neurons
vacuoles from within cells
neurons overwhlemed and die
atrophy of brain regions responsible for s&S
-frontal lobe: subtle changes in memory, behavior-> rapid progression to dementia
-cerebellum: ataxia, startle myoclonus- jerks
-brainstem: coma, respiratory failure

84
Q

dementia=

A

loss of cognitive fxn, memory, laungauge, problem solving, intereferes with independence

Pathophys (11 decks)

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