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CDS 3500 unit 1 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Brain

A

major part of the CNS

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2
Q

spinal cord

A
  • tissue literally hanging from the brain
  • starts at opening of skull, former magnum
  • shorter than the vertebral column
  • ends at the conus modulars
  • does not go through all 31 vertebrae
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3
Q

functions of the SC

A
  • transmits neural signals (pipeline for motor transmission from brain to body and vie versa
  • coordinates and independently controls some reflexive responses/ movements
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4
Q

motor transmission

A
  • tracts that course toward from the CNS

- efferent

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5
Q

sensory information

A
  • tracts that course upward toward the CNS

- afferent

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6
Q

reflex arcs

A

allows for immediate motor movements to sensory input that signals danger

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7
Q

5 regions of the SC

A
  • cervical (8 pairs of nerves)
  • thoracic (12 pairs of nerves)
  • lumbar (5 pairs of nerves)
  • sacral (5 pairs of nerves)
  • coccygeal (1 pair)
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8
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

openings between each pair of vertebra in the verbal column

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9
Q

spinal nerves

A
  • part of the PNS

- come and go between the opening of the verbal column attaching to the SC

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10
Q

end of the SC

A

conus medullaris and cauda equina

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11
Q

SC outer layer

A
  • white matter

- contains afferent and efferent nerve fiber tracts

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12
Q

SC inner layer

A
  • gray matter
  • contains sensroy neurons in the posterior horns
  • contains motor neurons in the anterior horns
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13
Q

ventral/anterior portion of the SC

A
  • involved in transmission of motor output messages
  • from the brain to the body
  • efferent
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14
Q

dorsal/posterior portion of the SC

A
  • involved in conveying sensory info
  • to the brain from the body
  • afferent
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15
Q

motor tracts

A
  • white matter
  • descending motor tracts (bundles of axons covered in myelin)
  • coming from the primary motor cortex
  • course downward through the SC
  • to innervate skeletal muscles or smooth muscle
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16
Q

sensory nerve fibers

A
  • arrive from parts of the body, skin, organs
  • to the level of the SC nearest that body part
  • into dorsal/ posterior aspect of gray matter
  • then upward to the thalamic nuclei
  • afferent tracts
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17
Q

protective covering of SC

A
  • spinal meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia)

- central canal –> runs through middle and continuous with the CSF/ventricular spaces in the brain

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18
Q

dura mater

A
  • tough, fibrous, leather-like
  • adheres closely to bones of skull
  • inward folds help pervent rotational displacement
  • large blood vessels enter here
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19
Q

falx cerebri

A
  • dura mater

- folds inward between L and R cerebral hemp

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20
Q

tentorium

A
  • dura mater

- folds down/ in between cerebrum and cerebellum

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21
Q

subdural space

A

below the dura mater

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22
Q

subdural hematoma

A

blood pools within subdural space, causing pressure, swelling, disrupting brain tissue

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23
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • 2nd membrane
  • deep to the dura mater
  • web-like tissue extending between dura and down into folds/sulci of brain
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24
Q

subarachnoid space

A
  • space below arachnoid
  • filled with CSF
  • acts as a shock absorber
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25
subarachnoid hemorrhage
- bleeding within the subarachnoid space - severe HA pressure - acute onset
26
pia mater
- 3rd membrane - closest to the surface of the brain - closely, tightly adheres to every brain surface - thin and delicate - contains blood vessels which supply oxygenated blood to the brain
27
cerebral ventricles
- 4 ventricles - spaces that contain CSF - connected by channels, deep to the cortex - CSF circulates through the ventricles
28
2 lateral ventricles
- 1 in each hemp - cresent shaped - drain/connect to the third ventricle via the former of munro
29
the third ventricle
- standing on edge, vertically (perpendicular to laterals) - in mid-brain/subcortical - disk shaped - drains/connects downward to the 4th ventricle via the aqueduct of Sylvius
30
the fourth ventricle
- long, narrow, downward- extending tube through/ into brainstem - in pons and medulla structure of the brainstem
31
CSF
- clear, colorless fluid involved in CNS protection | - produced by choroid plexus within the ventricles
32
where is CSF
- in the subarachnoid space around the cerebrum and spinal cord - circulates through ventricles and into the subarachnoid space - in continuous flow around the cerebrum, brain stem, spinal cord
33
functions of the CSF
- regulates pressure within cranium - provides cushion against blows to the head - provides floating-like effect so that weight of brain does not crush structures; reduces weight of brain - assists in nourishment of tissue - assists in removal of metabolic waste products via bloodstream
34
circulation of CSF into the subarachnoid space
- circulates from laterals to third via foramen of munro - circulates from third to forth via aqueduct of sylvius - circulates to subarachnoid space around cerebrum and SC - resabsorbed by arachnoid villi, venous sinuses of brain - to venous system, for return to heart
35
key needs of circulation
- open flow, to prevent accumulation of fluid or swelling and displacement of other brain structures - to maintain stable volume, and avoid increased intracranial pressure - be free of blood cells, which would indicate bleeding into the brain
36
problems with CSF flow
-hydrocephalus, encephalitis, hemorrhage, intracranial tumor
37
telencephalon
- cortex (L and R hemp) - limbic system - basal ganglia
38
diencephalon
-thalamus and hypothamlamus
39
mesencephalon
-midbrain (of the brainstem)
40
metencephalon
-pons and cerebellum
41
myelencephalon
-medulla
42
neural landmarks for cortex
-help to read the outer surface of the cortex in order to find the lobes of each hemisphere
43
hill landmarks
- gryi | - folds in upward motion during development
44
valley landmarks
- sulci - these are the low areas in between the fold - another name is fissure - seperate the gyri
45
brodmann's areas
- areas given specific numbers - most commonly used mapping system - based on cytoarchitectural maps of cell structures - allows for continuity of description, study, research, etc - used as a common point of reference
46
lateral sulcus
divides temporal lobe from the frontal lobe and parietal lobes -also called sylvan fissure and lateral fissure
47
central sulcus
- divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe | - also called fissure of rolando and central fissure
48
frontal lobe
-primary responsible for behavior and movement, motor control, motor neurons, organize, plan, start and stop, move and do
49
frontal lobe areas
- premotor cortex - supplementary motor cortex - primary motor cortex - prefrontal cortex - brocas area
50
primary motor cortex
-initiates and fires motor impulses
51
premotor and supplementray motor cortex
plan movements and muslce muscles
52
brocas area
- plan fine motor movements, mostly speech - more than just speech... - other notes on slide
53
anatomy of brocas area
- left inferior frontal gyrus | - posterior left third frontal convolution
54
central sulcus of the parietal lobe
-marks the end of motor neuron tissue from the frontal lobe and marks the start of sensory in the parietal
55
post central gyrus in the parietal
gyrus immediately behind the central sulcus | -can be called the pre motor strip
56
primary processing of the parietal lobe
- incoming tactile information - sensory impulses end up at the primary sensory cortex to be sorted and discriminated from other inputs - sends info onto secondary processing areas
57
somatosensory cortex
- parietal lobe | - receives, perceives, discriminates sensory info
58
secondary/association cortex
- interprets, elobrates sensory input - attirbutes ultimate meaning to sensory input - angular gyrus - supramarginal gyrus
59
angular gyrus
-assits in semantic processing
60
submarginal gyrus
assists in phonological processing
61
temporal lobe
- auditory processing | - Heschls gyrus - does the primary processing
62
Heschls gyrus
does the discrimination and organizes phonemes
63
wrenickes area
- temporal lobe - secondary and associated area - will figure out what the sentence means - contributes to langage formation overall
64
what is wrenickes area linked to?
- angular gyrus of the parietal lobe - AG is like a word bank - also links to the submarginal gryus of the parietal lobe
65
wernickes areas links to brocas area for..
-obtaining support for syntax order, final word selection, final comprehension for spoken and printed info
66
occipital lobe functions
- visual stimuli travels from retina - to the thalamus (sensory relay station) - to primary visual cortex - to visual association cortex - is then sent to other association cortices to connect to other meaning from parietal and temporal lobes
67
primary visual cortex
performs non-meaningful recognition and discrimination
68
visual association cortex
attaches meaning; analysis and elaboration
69
limbic system structures
-memory, emotion, learning
70
limbic system
- found on inner/medial surface of the 2 hemspheres | - situated in medial temporal lobe in/around the thalamus
71
purpose of limbic system
- regulate emotion and emotional responses to new and old situations - support autonomic functions and hormonal responses - form new memories; attach emotional salience to memories - support new learning - lots of connections to cortex, to thalamus, to hypothalamus
72
olfactory bulbs
- limbic system - smell and response - allowing for adaptation and response to environment
73
congulate gyrus/cortex
- limbic system - decide and direct - transport emotions, memories to/from prefrontal cortex, to support and behavioral decsion-making, control, and regulation - support in autonomic functions (HR AND BP)
74
orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex
- limbic system - help decide and direct - assists in the control or inhabitation of behaviors and decision making
75
fornix
- limbic system - transport from hippo to hypo - transport/connections between hippocampus and mammilliary bodies (which end up going to the hypothalamus to engage ANS)
76
hippocampus
- limbic system | - form/encode new memories
77
mammillary body
- limbic system - transport to/from thalamus, hypothalamus, to engage autonomic system, hormones - specialized memory
78
limbic system connections to prefrontal cortex
- link to "thinking" brain with "emotional" brain - override emotional, impulsive drives/intentions - help mediate motivation
79
limbic system connection to the temporal lobe
memory formation. storage
80
limbic system to hypothalamus
- autonamic, hormonal responses - trigger physcial reactions (fight or flight) - exert control over endocrine system, appetite, sexuality
81
what is white matter
- the brains highway system - the axons of the billions of neurons located in the cerebrum - axons are insulated with fatty substance called myelin, which is whitish in color
82
myelinated fibers (tracts) in CNS
- nerve fiber pathways, connecting cell bodies in the cortex conveying information from/with point A to point B - gathering up content and meaning along the way
83
projection fibers
- travel in vertical manner; carry motor and sensory | - corona radiate and internal capsule
84
assoication fibers
-bidirectional channels of communication between areas of one hemisphere
85
commissural fibers
-travel in horizontal manner, connecting two hemispheres
86
projection fiber function
- generally vertical positioning/direction - convey information from cerebrum to rest of body, moving to spinal and cranial nerves - corticospinal tracts - internal capsule
87
commissural fibers function
- corpus callosum - anterior commissure - posterior commissure
88
association fibers (tracts)
- superior longitudial fasciculus (connects parietal, occipital, temporal areas with frontal lobe; links meaning and interpretation with motor planning and initiation) - arcuate fasciculus (critical for language, conveys language thoughts, allows us to repeat)

CDS 3500 unit 1 (4 decks)

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