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CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial causes of meningitis

Infants (2-4 mnths)

A

S. agalactiae,

E. coli,

L. monocytogenes,

S. pneumoniae,

N. meningitides,

H. influenzae

Pressing a PIN on a baby will give a MEAN cry

Pneumonae, INfluenza

Monocytogenes,Ecoli, aglactia, Nisseria meningitis

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1
Q

Viral meningitis also reffered to as

A

Aspectic meningitis

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1
Q

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus- type

A

Alphavirus

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1
Q

Non-polio Enteroviruses common types

A

Enterovirus 71, Echovirus 18, Coxsackieviruses

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2
Q

Infants (2-4 mnths) Bacterial meningitis

A

S. agalactiae, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, S. pneumoniae, N. meningitides, H. influenzae*

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2
Q

Post splenectomy, complement deficiency

A

N. meningitides

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2
Q

This bacterial meningitis seen in

Infants -

– Adults >60y, alcoholics, cancer patients, renal transplant.

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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2
Q

Encephalitis CSF findings

A
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3
Q

Rabies virus dx

A

– Skin biopsy: Immunohistochemical staining - Rabies Ag

– Negri bodies: Intracytoplamsic inclusions in neurons

– Corneal smears – Rabies Ag

– Rabies virus neutralizing Ab – CSF or serum (unimmunized) Direct Ab Test

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3
Q

African Sleeping Sickness

Protazoa

A

African Trypanosomes

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4
Q

Vectors st. Louise vs. eastern equine

A
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4
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Schistosoma species

Liver or bladder

brain or spinal cord vasculature

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5
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

• Clinical features

A

Slower onset (meningococcal meningitis), 3-4d – Follows: nasopharyngitis, sinusitis or otitis media – 1/3 survivors – neurologic sequelae

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5
Q

Predominant Demyelination imaging defect

A

JC virus

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6
Q

Most common cause (Chronic meningitis)

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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6
Q

CSF findings in Western Equine Encephalitis Virus

A

CSF: pleocytosis (lymphocytic), normal-↑ protein, normal glucose

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6
Q

Primary amebic memeningoencephalitis (PAM)

Ameoba implicated

A

Naegleria fowleri

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7
Q

Underlying conditions related to Staphylococci

A

Diabetes mellitus

– Alcoholism

– Chronic renal failure (hemodialysis)

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7
Q

Dx of California Encephalitis Group

A

– IgM antibodies in CSF or serum

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8
Q

Listeria monocytogenes serotypes

A

Serotypes: 1/2b & 4b (80% cases)

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8
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus distribution

A

Canada, US, Central & Southern America

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8
Q

GAE; skin or lung lesions

Amoeba implicated

A

Balamuthia mandrillaris

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8
Q

Eosinophilic Meningitis

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lung worm)

Gnathostoma spinigerum

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9
Q

Clinical features of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Rapid 1-2 days (or gradual)

– Impaired consciousness common

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9
Q

Subependymal enhancement imaging defect

A

CMV ventriculitis

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10
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

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11
Q

Vector-borne viruses

A

Togaviridae

– Flaviviridae

– Bunyaviridae

– Reoviridae

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12
Q

Multifocal haemorrhagic infarctions & demyelinating lesions imaging defect

A

Varicella zoster virus vasculopathy

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13
Q

Basilar skull fracture + CSF leak

Puts you at risk for this bacterial meningitis

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

Diagnosis neoforms

A

india ink (capsule)

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14
Q

CM1 defects (Hodgkin’s disease, steroid therapy), elderly

A

L. monocytogenes

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14
Q

Distribution of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus

A

Southern US, Central & S. America

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15
Q

Herpes simplex 1 & 2 connection to meningitis

A

Post neonatal

• Important: differentiate encephalitis from meningitis

– Most common: HSV 2 • primary to genital infection

• 36% women, 13% men

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16
Q

Bacterial meningitis Neonates (0-2 mnths)

A

Group B Streptococci (S. agalactiae), E. coli (other Gram –ve enterics), L. monocytogenes

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16
Q

Spirocheteal meningitis… whats the bacterial cause

A

Treponema pallidum

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17
Q

Slow onset (period of weeks) – ↓ Fever, lethargy – TB, Fungi & (Protozoa)

A

Chronic (RARE)

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18
Q

Brudzinski’s sign

A

Look up pic Flex knees and neck

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18
Q

Sx of California Encephalitis Group

A

Focalneurologicdisease

– Hemiparesis, aphasia, dysarthria, chorea

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19
Q

Biology behind prions

A

– Normal cellular glycoprotein: PrPc (↑ a helix, ↓ b helix)

– Infectious glycoprotein form: PrPsc (↓a helix, ↑ b helix)

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21
Q

Adults (Adolescents- >55y) Bacterial meningitis

A

N. meningitides, S. pneumoniae

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22
Q

Fontal, Temporal, Parietal, abscess

Predisposing/ bacteria

A

Trauma, Penetrating wound

S. aureus, Clostridia

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23
Q

Bacterial etiology of CSF shunts

A

– Staphylococci (epidermidis & aureus)

– Gram negative bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus & Pseudomonas)

– Streptococci

– Diphtheroids (Propionibacterium acnes)

– Anaerobes

– Mixed culture

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24
Q

Temporal lobe abcess what predisposes you, what bacteria

A

Otitis media, Mastoiditis

Streptococci, Bacteroides, Enterobacteriacea

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26
Q

HA-CNS infection: MRSA

  • CSF shunts: S. epidermidis
  • Mortality 14-77%
A

Staphylococci

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26
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis adult vs children

A

– Children (haematogenous disseminated tuberculosis) • Rapid

– Adults

• Indolent

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27
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus distribution

A

US, Southern America, Caribbean

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27
Q

FOCAL CNS SYNDROMES

A

Brain Abscess

Subdural empyema

Epidural abscess

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28
Q

CSF findings in Colorado Tick Fever Virus

A

CSF: pleocytosis (mildly lymphocytic), normal-mildly↑ protein, normal glucose

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29
Q

Enterovirus Seasonality

A

Late Summer, fall

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30
Q

Yellow csf

A

Blood breakdown products Hyperbilirubinemia CSF protein ≥150mg/dL (1.5g/L), >100,000 RBC/mm3

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30
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus- type

A

Flavivirus

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31
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

• Biology:

A

Gram +ve rod – Virulence:

• Internalin A & B • Listeriolysin O

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31
Q

PRIONS

A

Infectious proteins

– No Nucleic acid genome

– Resistant: formaldehyde (3.7%), dry heat, boiling, ethanol (50%) & ionizing radiation

– Sensitive: phenol (90%), household bleach, ether, NaOH (2 N), strong detergents (10% sodium dodecyl sulfate) & autoclaving (1 hour, 121oC)

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32
Q

Alcoholism, skull fractures, myeloma, splenectomy

A

S. pneumoniae

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32
Q

Clinical feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Rupture in subarachnoid space

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33
Q

Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus

A

Asia, Western Pacific, Australia

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34
Q

Dx of fungal brain abscess

A

CT scan

– Hypodense centre

– Peripheral uniform ring – Brain oedema

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35
Q

Fungal Meningitis lab values

A

Opening pressure Variable WBC count Variable Cell differential lymphocytes Protein 50-100mg/dL Glucose

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35
Q

Comparing meningitis lab values by organism

A
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35
Q

Japanese Encephalitis Virus type

A

Flaviviridae

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36
Q

>50 years Bacterial meningitis

A

S. pneumoniae, N. meningitides, L. monocytogenes, Aerobic Gram –ves

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36
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus- type

A

Alphavirus

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37
Q

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE); skin or lung lesions; amebic keratitis

Ameoba implicated

A

Acanthamoeba species

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38
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus- type

A

Alphavirus

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39
Q

Pathogenesis of CNS shunts

A

– Retrograde infection

– Skin

– Haematogenous seeding

– Colonization at surgery

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41
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

• Clinical features

Distinguishing feature

A

Quick onset

– Acute photophobia

– Skin petechiae → ecchymoses/diffuse petechial rash -

DIC

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42
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

• Prevention

A

2005, Quadrivalent: A, C, Y & W135

– Protection: ~3y

– No protection from carriage (MPSV4-menomune)

meningococcal conjugate vaccine seen as better

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43
Q

CSF findings in Measles

A

CSF: usually normal (↑Ig level)

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44
Q

Exposure to bats, other wild animals, dog bites, developing countries

A

Rabies

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46
Q

Brown CSF

A

Meningeal melanomatosis (Metastatic Melanoma)

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47
Q

characteristics of Enteroviruses

A

Picornaviridae

– Naked, icosahedral, small (25-30nm), ss +ve RNA

Echoviruses 30, 18, 16, 11, 9, 6 & 7

• Coxsackieviruses B1, B2, B3, B4 & A9 • Enteroviruses 71 & 70

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48
Q

Meningoencephalomyelitis

A

infection of meninges+ brain parenchyma+spinal cord

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49
Q

Colorado Tick Fever Virus dx

A

IgM by ELISA

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50
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

• Geographic location

A

Ohio & Mississippi river valley, Central America

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52
Q

Distribution of Colorado Tick Fever Virus

A

WesternUS&Canada(Mountains)

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53
Q

NORMAL CSF VALUES

A

• WBC count: children & adults 0-5/mm3 (70% lymphocytes, 30% monocytes) neonates 32/mm3 • RBC count: None • [Glucose]: ratio to serum glucose ≥60% 40-70mg/dL not >300mg/dL • [Protein]: adults 18-58mg/dL (by 6-12 mnths old) newborn 150mg/dL

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54
Q

Brain abscess in the frontal lobe- what predisposes, and what organisms

A

Sinusitis, Dental abscess

Streptococci, Bacteroides, S. aureus, Haemophilus spp.

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55
Q

Abscess

A

localised infection in spinal cord or brain – Acute/Chronic Brain Abscess – Empyema – epidural or subepidural abscess

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55
Q

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

A

Rare

– Contact with rodents & excreta (hamsters, rats, mice)

• Lab workers, pet owners, unhygienic housing conditions

57
Q

Encephalitis –

A

inflammation of the brain parenchyma

58
Q

Herpes viruses implicated in meningitis

A

HSV, VZV, CMV, EB virus & HHV -6, 7, 8

60
Q

Most common fungal cause of meningitis

A

Cryptococcus neoformans (Cryptococcus gattii)

62
Q

Rickettsia (RMSF) Seasonality

A

Late Summer & Spring

63
Q

Herpesviruses Clinical features

A

Incubation period uncertain • Rapid onset – several days

– Fever (90-100%)

– Altered consciousness (97-100%) – Headache (70-81%)

64
Q

CSF findings in California Encephalitis Group

A

CSF: pleocytosis (lymphocytic), ↑ protein, normal glucose

65
Q

THis bacteria Uncommon, seen in Early postneurosurgical/post-trauma

A

Staphylococci

66
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus CSF/MRI findings

A

CSF: pleocytosis (neutrophil predominance (2/3)), ↑ protein, norm glucose, RBC’s common

– MRI: thalamus, basal ganglia, brain stem

67
Q

THis bacteria

Group B Strep

• Most common: neonates (52% cases, US) • Mortalityrate:7-27%

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

69
Q

Who is most at risk for encephalitis when infected with st. louise

A

>60

71
Q

Blastomyces mostly presents with

A

Brain abscess

72
Q

Temporal lobe & limbic imaging problem

A

HSV & HHV-6 encephalitis

72
Q

Difference between Subdural empyema and epidural abcess

A

Epidural abcess- MRI pachymeningeal enhancement, superficial area of diminished intensity

73
Q

Pink CSF

A

Blood breakdown products

73
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

• Human carriage

A

80% children, 20-50% adults (URT) – Unencapsulated

73
Q

Coccidioides dx

A

Eosinophils (CSF) Wright-Giemsa Stain

– Complement fixation test

74
Q

sub acute sclerosing panencephalitis seen in

A

Measles

75
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus dx

A

WEE IgM antibodies in CSF or serum

77
Q

CSF/MRI findings in Japanese Encephalitis Virus

A

CSF: pleocytosis (lymphocytic), mildly↑ protein, normal glucose

– MRI: normal

78
Q

California Encephalitis Group- type

A

Bunyaviridae

80
Q

Green CSF

A

Hyperbilirubinemia Purulent CSF

80
Q

Colorado Tick Fever Virus type

A

Reoviridae

82
Q

Rare cases protazoa affecting CNS

A

Free-living ameba

84
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae characteristics

A

Non-motile, Gram +ve diplococci – Virulence:

• Capsule

– (18 serogroups, 82% pneumonia = meningitis)

  • IgA protease
  • Pneumolysin (cytotoxin)
85
Q

Tubercular Meningitis lab values

A

Opening pressure Variable WBC count Variable Cell differential Mostly lymphocytes (10–500 cells/ml) Protein 10-500mg/dL Glucose 20-40mg/dL

86
Q

Enteroviruses epidemiology

A

85-95% all cases

• Age: Infants & Young children

– no previous exposure & immunity

  • Adults(common)
  • Geographic consideration - Worldwide distribution
  • Seasonal consideration:

– Temperate climate: summer/fall (water) – Tropical: year round (faecal-oral)

88
Q

Associated with congenital defects and AIDS

Protazoa affecting CNS

A

Toxoplasma gondii

89
Q

Bacterial Meningitis Lab values

A

Opening pressure Elevated WBC count ≥1,000/mm3 Cell differential Neutrophils 90% (>100cells/ml) Protein 100-500 mg/dL Glucose 0-10mg/dL

90
Q

US: Most common epidemic

A

West Nile Virus

92
Q

Rabies tx

A

– Postexposure prophylaxis

– Wash wounds: soap & water + providone-iodine

– Vaccine

– Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG)

93
Q

• Direct spread CNS

A

Trauma or injury

– Most common: Staphylococcus aureus

– Immunodeficient/HIV: Nocardia, Aspergillus, Candida

94
Q

Orange CSF

A

Blood breakdown products Xanthochromia

95
Q

Treponema pallidum known to cause

A

Clinical neurosyphilis

Syphilitic meningitis (0.3-2.4% untreated cases) – Meningovascular syphilis

– Parenchymatous neurosyphilis

– Gummatous neurosyphilis (rare)

96
Q

CSF findings in Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus

A

pleocytosis (lymphocytic), ↑ protein, normal-↑ glucose

97
Q

Etiology of subdural empyema

A

– Streptococci (25-45%)

– Staphylococci (10-15%)

– Enterobacteriacea (3-10%) – Anaerobic bacteria (33%) – Polymicrobial

99
Q

Candida found in

A

– Neonatal ICU (use of IV catheters)

Postneurosurgery

– Immunosuppressed

100
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

• Biology characteristics

A

Non-motile, Gram –ve rods – Fastidious

  • NADP (V) & Haematin (X), (Chocolate agar) – Virulence:
  • Capsule (polyribitol phosphate) • Pili
  • LPS
102
Q

Types of Facultative anerobe bacteria

A

Klebsiella, E. coli, S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa

Neontates: E. coli K1

Pregnant women carry this in their rectum

103
Q

West Nile Virus dx

A

ELISA

104
Q

Cysticercosis

A

Taenia solium (pork tape worm)

Muscle and brain

106
Q

West nile sx

A

60 years of age) – Brain parenchymal involvement

– CSF: pleocytosis, ↑ protein, normal glucose

– MRI: thalamus, basal ganglia, brain stem

• Poliomyelitis-like (acute flaccid paralysis)

– Motor neuron injury (anterior horn of spinal cord) – Brain parenchymal involvement

108
Q

Most common: sporadic encephalitis

A

Herpesviruses

109
Q

Routes of infections CNS

A

Direct Heamatogenous Neural tissue

111
Q

Arboviruses (Arthropod-borne)

A

– Mainly encephalitis

113
Q

Cerebral Malaria

Protazoa

A

Plasmodium falciparum

114
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus findings in csf/ mri

A

CSF: pleocytosis, ↑ protein, normal glucose

– MRI: normal, or substantia nigra

115
Q

Neural tissue (rare)

A

Human Herpesvirus 1-3 – Rabies: peripheral→nerve axons→ganglia & spinal cord→brain

117
Q

PRevention of polio

A

– 3 strains of Polio (1, 2 & 3)

– 4 Vaccines available

– Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) - Salk

– Live Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) - Sabin • Monovalent (mOPV1 & mOPV3)

• Bivalent (bOPV)

119
Q

Most higher cortical function deficits.

• Progress over weeks-months: profound dementia (memory loss, impaired judgment, intellectual function

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

120
Q

Immunocompromised (allogenic bone marrow transplants) herpes type

A

HSV 6

122
Q

Pathogenesis of rabies

A
123
Q

Multiple lobes brain abscess what predisposes you and organisms

A

Infective endocarditis, Congenital Heart Disease, Lung abscess

S. aureus, Streptococci (viridans), Fusibacteria, Nocardia

125
Q

TESTS FOR MENINGISM

A

Inability to flex neck (chin to chest) • Inability to oppose nose with knee • Tripod sign: Inability to sit up without using hands • Kernig’s sign • Brudzinski’s sign

126
Q

Head trauma/neurosurgery put you at risk for these bacterial meningitis

A

Facultative anerobe bacteria

128
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis Virus dx

A

Anti-SLEV IgM antibodies in serum or CSF

129
Q

What is the human carriage of strep pneumonia

A

throat & nasopharynx

130
Q

Primary amoeba affecting CNS

A

Entamoeba histolytica

131
Q

CSF normal pressure

A

Normal pressure: 70-180 mm H2O

132
Q

Dx of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus

A

VEE IgM antibodies in CSF or serum

133
Q

Bacterial causes of meningitis

Neonates (0-2 mnths)

A

Group B Streptococci (S. agalactiae),

E. coli (other Gram –ve enterics),

L. monocytogenes

ALE

134
Q

Bacterial meningitis can be seen in Lyme

disease whats the bacteria

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

135
Q

Polio virus transmission

A

Faecal-oral

136
Q

Dx of Japanese Encephalitis Virus

A

– IgM antibodies in CSF by ELISA

– PCR

138
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus dx

A

EEE IgM antibodies in CSF by ELISA

139
Q

CSF shunts

A

S. aureus

140
Q

Bacterial causes of meningitis

Adults (Adolescents - >55y)

A

N. meningitides,

S. pneumoniae

141
Q

Human carriage (5-30% healthy individuals, URT)

Neisseria meningitidis

A

Higher in military recruit camps, schools

142
Q

Immunocompetent adults herpes type

A

HSV 1

143
Q

Onset: hours-several days • Life-threatening • Meningism: Fever, Headache, Nuchal rigidity, Nausea & Vomiting, Photophobia • Altered mental status

A

Acute

144
Q

ENCEPHALITIS

A

Inflammation of the brain parenchyma

145
Q

Haematogenous dissemination cns

A

Respiratory tract infection: N. meningitidis – Insect bite: West Nile Virus – Transplacental: Rubella

146
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

• Clinical features:

A

Subclinical-gastrointestinal like

– Neonatal

– Immunocompromised

147
Q

Routine Tests for CSF

A

WBC count with differential RBC count [Glucose] [Protein] Gram stain/ India stain Bacterial culture/ Fungal culture

148
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

• Biology characteristics

A

– Non-motile, Gram -ve diplococci

(kidney-bean shaped) – Fastidious

  • 5-10% CO2, (Chocolate agar, Modified Martin-Thayer agar) – Virulence:
  • Capsule (serogroups A, B, C, X, Y & W-135) • IgA protease
  • Pili
  • LOS
149
Q

Increased Risk Factors csf shunt infections

A

– Premature birth

– Previous shunt infection

– Cause of hydrocephalus

– Length of the shunt procedure

– Shunt revision

150
Q

Bacterial causes of meningitis

>50 years

A

S. pneumoniae,

N. meningitides,

L. monocytogenes,

Falcultative anerobes

152
Q

Polio endemic

A

Endemic: Afghanistan, Pakistan, & Nigeria (Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan & Cameroon)

153
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

why has its rates dropped compared to previous years

A

Present: 7% cases (conjugate Hib vaccine @ 2 mnths/age)

155
Q
A

MRI Fungal abscess in brain

Interhemispheric fissure

156
Q

Alcoholism, post splenectomy, hypogammaglobulinemia

A

H. influenzae

157
Q

This bacteria 15-35%

asymptomatic pregnant women

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

158
Q

Myelitis

A

infection of spinal cord

159
Q

Tick bite

A

Lyme disease

161
Q

Fungal causes CHRONIC MENINGITIS

A

Cryptococcus

Histoplasma

162
Q

California Encephalitis Group distribution

A

CEV, La Crosse & Jamestown – US; Tahyna - Russia

La Crosse: Mississippi & Ohio river basins

164
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS for encephalitis

A

Neuroimaging

– All patients MRI

– Distinctive patterns of abnormalities

165
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus distribution

A

Western US, Western Canada, S. America

166
Q

Bacterial meningitis Most common: children & young adults

A

Neisseria meningitidis

168
Q

Polio clinical features

A

– Inapparent-mild 90% cases

– Non-paralytic: Meningitis 8% cases (self-limiting)

– Paralytic disease 1% cases

– Polio encephalitis: Rare

– Incubation 1-2 wks

– Infection & death anterior horn cells (grey matter)

169
Q

CDC PEP Recommendations of rabies

A

– Wash all wounds with soap and water

– 1 dose of HRIG & 4 doses of vaccine (Days 1, 3, 7 & 14 + 2 boosters on Day 0 and 3)

170
Q

Bacterial causes of meningitis

4-6 mnths

A

N. meningitides,

S. pneumoniae,

H. influenzae

171
Q

OVerv view of sx for viral meningitis

A

Usually acute benign, self-limiting, monophasic

– Symptoms: cranial neuropathy & raised intracranial pressure uncommon

172
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum seen in

A

Immunosuppressed

– AIDS

– Solid organ transplants

173
Q

Monkey handlers or monkey bite

A

Herpes B encephalitis

174
Q

West Nile Virus- what type of virus

A

Flavivirus

175
Q

Most frequently observed cause of bacterial meningitis (61% total cases, US)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

176
Q

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Seasonality

A

Winter

177
Q

Coccidioides spp

• Geographic location

A

Central & Southern Arizona + Central Valley of California

178
Q

4-6 mnths Bacterial meningitis

A

N. meningitides, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae*

179
Q

– Increased lymphocytes – Self limiting – Viral or non infectious (Absence of cultivable bacteria or fungi)

A

Aseptic (acute)

180
Q

Kernig’s sign

A

Look up pic Elevate legs

181
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans seen in

A

Immunosupressed & previously infected healthy

182
Q

Overcrowding

A

Meningococcal meningitis

183
Q

Rabies virus type

A

Rhabdoviridae

184
Q

Transmission of prion dz

A

– Sporadic: CJD (85% cases), 50-75 year olds

– Inherited: GSS, FFI (10-15%)

– Ingested: Kuru (mostly disappeared)

– Iatrogenic: corneal transplants, contaminated EEG implants, possibly contaminated human growth factor

185
Q

AIDS, other CM1 defects

A

C. neoformans

186
Q

Hydatid Disease

A

Echinococcus species

Liver (75%) and lungs (15%) brain parenchyma

187
Q

Paragonimiasis

A

Paragonimus

Lungs

188
Q

Coccidioides spp seen in

A

CA-pneumonia,

Immunosuppressed individuals (AIDS)

189
Q

Dx of polio

A

– CSF: PMN early→lymphocytes, ↑protein, normal

glucose

– CSF: RT-PCR

190
Q

• Most common VIRAL CAUSES of meningitis

A

: Enteroviruses

191
Q

Haemophilus influenzae Prevention:

A

Vaccine: Hiberix

Uncapsulated are becoming a problem… can not use current drugs against them

192
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum Dx

A

– Histoplasma antigen

(CSF) – Cultures -ve

193
Q

Rare invasion of the brain

Protazoa implicated

A

Entamoeba histolytica

194
Q

Nipah Virus encephalitis

A

Malaysia

195
Q

Eastern equine virus transmission cycle

A

Micro (14 decks)

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