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Pharmacology > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Atypical antipsychotics, help diminish what kind of symptoms?

A

Positive and negative

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2
Q

What is serotonin syndrome?

A

 Too much serotonin in the brain. Muscle rigidity, high heart rate and blood pressure, tightness in muscles and mental changes. 

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3
Q

What are the four “S” of SSRIs?

A

 Serotonin syndrome, sexual dysfunction, stomach issues, swollen (weight gain)

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4
Q

What is the black box warning for SSRI?

A

 Increase risk of suicide because you have the energy to commit suicide at this point

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5
Q

You must wait how many days after going off an MAOI to start a TCA?

A

14 days 

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6
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants, cause what kind of side effects?

A

Dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, and orthostatic hypotension

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7
Q

What type of foods should you stay away from when taking an MAOI?

A

Tyramine. Aged cheese, fermented foods, yogurt, beer, fish, processed meat

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8
Q

If you take an MAOI with tyramine food, what are you at an increased risk for?

A

Hypertensive crisis

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9
Q

Benzodiazepines should be taken at what time of the day?

A


At bedtime because they cause sedation

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10
Q

Benzodiazepines should never be taken with what kind of medication for pain?

A

Any narcotics: black box warning

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11
Q

Benzodiazepines treat what types of conditions

A

Alcohol or substance withdrawal, anxiety, seizures.

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12
Q

Adverse reactions for benzodiazepines are?

A

Hypotension, apnea airway, occlusion and respiratory arrest

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13
Q

What medication may cause dark urine, saliva and sweat?

A

Carbidopa/Levidopa

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14
Q

CNS stimulant: methylphenidate treats what conditions? AND what is it’s therapeutic responses?

A

ADHD and narcolepsy.

Improvements in school work, focus and social relationships.

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15
Q

What are some side effects of stimulants?

A

Stimulants can cause weight loss, delayed growth/development, dry mouth and increased HR/BP

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16
Q

All antipsychotics can cause (NMS) neuroleptic malignant syndrome. What are the signs?

A

High fever, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction.
(High HR, BP and sweating)

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17
Q

What is the antidote for benzodiazepines?

A

Flumazenil

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18
Q

What is primary anxiety versus secondary anxiety?

A

Primary it just happens like anxiety attacks

secondary is because of drug use or physiological problem

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19
Q

What type of conditions can benzodiazepines help with?

A

Substance or alcohol withdrawal, stop, seizures, anxiety 

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20
Q

What is the black box warning for benzodiazepines?

A

May cause death when used with narcotics or other sedating medication’s

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21
Q

What are analytic or antianxiety medication side effects?

A

Sedation, dizziness, decreased reflexes, respiratory depression, blurred vision, contraindicated in pregnancy or breast-feeding

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22
Q

Buspar is what kind of medication and should not be taken with what food?

A

Antianxiety medication should not be taken with grapefruit juice.

 Has fewer side effects and less instances for dependency 

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23
Q

Ambien is used for treatment of what?

A

Insomnia

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24
Q

OTC sleep medication name?

A

Benadryl

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25
Q

Why are barbiturates rarely used anymore?

A

Severe adverse side effects 

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26
Q

Central nervous, stimulants should be taken when and are used to reduce what?

A

 Take in the morning and reduce appetite 

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27
Q

Amphetamines do what to your mood and alertness?

A

Produce mood elevation, or euphoria, and increase mental alertness

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28
Q

Xanthines are a class of stimulants that do what?

A

 Increase mental alertness, and decrease drowsiness/fatigue

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29
Q

Stimulants are a controlled substance. What schedule are they under?

A

Methylphenidate is a schedule  two controlled substance

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30
Q

What should you monitor in patients that are taking benzodiazepines?

A

 Mood and suicidal thoughts 

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31
Q

Anti-parkinsonism agents do what for the body?

A

 They do not cure Parkinsons, but they do help with the symptoms of Parkinson’s like tremors muscle, rigidity and weakness, and shuffling gait while walking

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32
Q

Parkinson’s is caused by an imbalance of which neurotransmitters?

A

 Dopamine and ACH

 Too much ACH and not enough dopamine

33
Q

What medication is commonly used to treat Parkinson’s disease?

Hint: anticholinergics

A

Carbidopa/levodopa

 Carbidopa stops the breakdown of dopamine

Levodopa crosses the blood brain barrier, and is converted to dopamine 

34
Q

MAO-B inhibitor (selegiline) decreases the enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the brain. What can this interaction cause?

(DRUG INTERACTION with Dopaminergics)

A

Hypertensive crisis 

35
Q

Myasthenia Gravis is a progressive weakness and lack of muscle control. What kind of disease is this?

A

autoimmune disease caused by antibodies against ACH receptors 

36
Q

What are positive symptoms of psychosis?

A

 Positive symptoms are anything that is added to the client symptom wise.

 For example, delusions, hallucinations, incoherent, aggressive, or violent behavior 

37
Q

What are negative symptoms of psychosis?

A

Negative symptoms of psychosis or anything that is taken away from the client.

 For example, catatonia, social withdrawal, decreased self-care 

38
Q

Atypical antipsychotics target what type of symptoms?

A

They target positive and negative symptoms

39
Q

Phenothiazines a (antipsychotic medication) can cause your urine to turn colors?

A

Pink to reddish brown

40
Q

Atypical antipsychotics, Target what symptoms?

A

both positive and negative symptoms 

41
Q

Atypical antipsychotics typically have less EPS side effects. What does EPS stand for?

A

EPS symptoms include:

TD: mouth chewing and tongue
Akathisia: pacing, restlessness
Parkinsonism
Acute dystonia: muscle rigidity 

42
Q

What kind of side effects can antipsychotics have?

A

Orthostatic hypotension, sedation, hypertension, impaired thermalregulation, convulsions, and EPS syndrome

43
Q

Antipsychotics should not be stopped due to EPS side effects, the symptoms should be treated by what type of medication?

A

Anticholinergic: autonomic nervous system medication that decreases tremors and muscle rigidity by blocking cholinergic receptors

44
Q

Side effects of anticholinergics EPS treatment?

A

Very dry, mucous membranes, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention, hypotension

45
Q

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare, but potentially fatal syndrome with a sudden onset of what type of symptoms?

A

High fever, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, changes in blood pressure, tremors, seizures, arrhythmias, acute renal failure, difficulty swallowing or speaking

46
Q

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is similar to what other syndrome?

A

 Serotonin syndrome

47
Q

Anti-depressant medication’s can help with what types of issues?

A

Mood, sleep, appetite, anxiety, panic attacks, OCD

48
Q

Major depression includes what

A

Seasonal affective disorder and postpartum depression 

49
Q

What natural remedies are contraindicated when taking an antidepressant?

A

 St. John’s wort and ginkgo Biloba

Anything that start with a “G” tends to thin blood 

50
Q

Tricyclic anti-depressants are used to treat major depression, what do they block the reuptake of?

A

Serotonin and norepinephrine

51
Q

SSRI are similar to SNRI, but which is given more frequently due to less side effects?

A

SSRI

52
Q

What is the black box warning on SSRIs?

A

Risk of suicide

Medication does not take full affect for 4 to 6 weeks, but they may have more energy by two weeks to commit to their suicidal plan

53
Q

SSRIs and SNRIs side effects include what syndrome?

A

Serotonin syndrome

This is a toxicity due to too much serotonin in the body. It can cause autonomic nervous system dysfunction and mental status changes.

54
Q

SSRIs and SNRIs treat what kinds of issues?

A

OCD, depression, panic and phobias, PTSD, and anxiety disorders

55
Q

Atypical anti-depressants such as (Wellbutrin) treats, major depression, anxiety, and helps aid and smoking cessation. It affects which neurotransmitters?

A

It can affect one, two or all three neurotransmitters: norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine 

56
Q

Most antidepressants should not be taken with an MAOI anti-depressant.
How many days do you have to wait before starting a new antidepressant after taking an MAOI?

A

14 days after you stop the last antidepressant

57
Q

MAOIs are not commonly used anymore, due to what factors?

A

Lots of side effects with other medication’s and fatal interactions

58
Q

Patients taking an MAOI should have what monitored and should not eat which foods?

A

They should have their blood pressure monitored and avoid foods with tyramine. They should also avoid Saint johns wort.

59
Q

MAOI medication can cause hypertensive crisis. What is a hypertensive crisis?

A

Sudden and drastic increase in blood pressure. Can lead to a heart attack.

60
Q

Lithium is a mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder. What type of patients is lithium contraindicated for?

A

Lithium is teratogenic, and patients that are of childbearing age should take birth control

61
Q

Lithium has a narrow therapeutic range of ???? anything over this range can become toxic.

A

0.5-1.5 mEq/L

Use with caution with diuretics

Lithium toxicity can cause, drowsiness, weakness, tremor, vomiting, ataxia (lack of coordination)

62
Q

Side effects of mood stabilizers include ?

A

Dry mouth, bradycardia, increased thirst, increased urination, weight gain, metallic taste, peripheral edema 

63
Q

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant medication that treats what?

It has a narrow therapeutic range of?

A

Grand mal seizures

10-20 mcg/mL serum blood

64
Q

Phenytoin has two serious adverse reactions. What are they?

A

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (bad rash)

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (blistering and rash) severe form of SJS syndrome

65
Q

Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant medication that treats what?

A

Seizures and chronic pain

66
Q

What should be monitored in kids taking stimulant?

A

Development because stimulants can stunt growth

Sleep, appetite, school work, kidney and liver function

67
Q

Almost all central nervous system medication should be tapered off, no alcohol use and monitor for the risk of suicide?

True or false ?

A

TRUE

68
Q

Haloperidol (Typical antipsychotic) has a black box warning of what?

A

Risk of death in elderly with dementia

69
Q

Anhedonia is a loss of what?

A

Loss of interest

70
Q

Minimum urinary output is what number (milliliters per hour)

A

30

71
Q

Anticholinergic medication inhibits the action of acetylcholine. The side effects of this medication cause similar effects of what nervous system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system



72
Q

What do anticholinergic medication’s do?

A

Smooth muscle relaxation: opens airways, decrease risk of aspiration, decreased peristalsis 

73
Q

Anticholinergics are contraindicated with clients who have?

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy, and glaucoma

74
Q

Sympathomimetic

A

Working with/stimulating SNS

75
Q

Sympatholytic

A

Working against SNS

76
Q

Cholinergic medication’s mimic the action of what neurotransmitter?

A

(ACH) acetylcholine

Low acetylcholine levels are found in patients with Alzheimer’s and myasthenia gravis

77
Q

Typical antipsychotics are highly protein bound meaning?

A

They are excreted in metabolized very slowly

78
Q

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome can occur after the 1st dose, after 5 years or at any time while taking an antipsychotic medication. What are nursing interventions associated with NMS?

A

Stay hydrated!

Monitor I&O, monitor bowel movement’s, vital signs, heart rhythm, and blood.

REDUCTION OF SYMPTOMS

79
Q

Which two conditions should you never give an anticholinergic medication?

A

BPH and glaucoma

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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