CNS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name two ways neurotransmitter action is terminated.

A

Enzymatic Degradation or Reuptake

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2
Q

What effect does an excitatory nt have?

A

Activates post-synaptic receptors –> increase in Na+ ( and Ca2+) permeability–>membrane depolarization

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3
Q

What effect does an inhibitory nt have?

A

Activates post-synaptic receptors –> increase in Cl- permeability–>membrane depolarization.

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4
Q

When will IPSP not occur?

A

At rest since membrane is already at equilibrium.

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5
Q

How are the amino acids glutamate, GABA, and glycine removed from the presynaptic terminal?

A

through re-uptake by a transporter

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6
Q

How is acetylcholine removed from the presynaptic terminal?

A

By Acetylcholinesterase

Only choline is taken back up by a transporter into presynaptic neuron.

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7
Q

Name the transporter that coincides with each nt:

GABA, Dopamine, Serotonin, NE, Glutamate

A
GABA- GAT
Dopamine - DAT
Serotonin- SERT
NE- NET
Glutamate- EAAT
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8
Q

What special cell is used to convert glutamate to glutamine before re-uptake into presynaptic neuron?

A

Glial cell

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9
Q

Once NE, Serotonin, DA are taken back up in presynaptic cell, what two things can happen?

A

1) repacked by VMAT2

2) Degraded by MAO

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10
Q

precursor of GABA is what and what vitamin is needed for synthesis?

A

glutamate, Vit B6

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11
Q

Name the repackaging enzyme that coincides with each nt:

GABA, Dopamine, Serotonin, NE, Glycine

A
GABA- VGAT
DA- VMAT2
Serotonin- VMAT2
NE- VMAT2
Glycine- VIAAT
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12
Q

Where do neurotransmitters bind on direct receptors?

A

Directly to receptor

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13
Q

Where do neurotransmitters bind on indirect receptors?

A

Typically bind G-protein that causes opening of ion channel downstream.

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14
Q

What three steps in GPCR signal cascade causes signal amplification?

A

1) Receptor- Gprotein
2) 2nd Messenger
3) Protein Kinase phosphorylation of target proteins

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15
Q

What type of receptor are Cholinergic Nicotinic receptors?

A

Direct (Ion Channel)

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16
Q

What type of receptor are Cholinergic Muscarinic receptors?

A

Indirect (GPCR)

17
Q

What type of receptor are GABAa receptors?

A

Direct (Ion Channel)

18
Q

What type of receptor are GABAb receptors?

A

Indirect (GPCR)

19
Q

The biogenic amines DA, NE, and Epi work on what type of receptor?

A

Indirect (GPCR)

20
Q

What three places can GABA be taken up into?

A

Presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic, and glial cells

21
Q

Name three Ionotropic Glutmate receptors.

A

NMDAR, KA, GluR

22
Q

What type of receptor does glycine use?

A

All Direct (Ion Channels)

23
Q

What does a protein phosphatase do?

A

Removes phosphate

Does NOT always inactivate!

24
Q

What does a protein kinase do?

A

Adds phosphate

Does NOT always activate!

25
Q

What is desensitization?

A

Upon giving a second dose of drug you get reduced response due to desensitization of receptor or uncoupling.

NOT a change in receptor number.

26
Q

What is coactivation and give an example.

A

When a nt requires second agonist to bind in order to activate.

Glycine is coactivator for glutaminergic NMDA R.

27
Q

When does downregulation occur?

A

After prolonged exposure to agonist. Due to decreased receptor number.

28
Q

When does upregulation occur?

A

After prolonged exposure to antagonist. Due to increase in receptor number.

29
Q

What is potentiation?

A

Increased response to an agonist by binding to an allosteric site on the receptor.

30
Q

Where is the origin of Dopamine?

A

Substantia Nigra

31
Q

Where is the origin of NE?

A

Locus Coeruleus

32
Q

What is the origin of Serotonin?

A

Raphe nuclei

33
Q

Main functions of histamine?

A

Wakefulness, motion

34
Q

Where are GABAergic neurons?

A

Widespread, known as interneurons!

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter.

35
Q

Where do dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra project to?

A

Basal Ganglia
Prefrontal cortex
Limbic system

36
Q

Origin of glutaminergic neurons?

A

thalamus

subthalamic nuceli