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06 - Computing Infrastructures > Cloud Prov And Virtualization > Flashcards

Cloud Prov And Virtualization Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the consequences of not having virtualization?

A

The software is strongly linked/related with the hardware, therefore, moving/changing in application is not an easy task

Low Flexibility

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2
Q

What are some of the consequences of the virtualization?

A

Hardware independence, software/hardware are no longer strongly related

High flexibility, thanks to pre built virtual machines

OS, and applications can be handled as a single entity

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3
Q

What are the impacts of the virtualization on the evolution of IT systems?

A

Server consolidation

Cloud computing

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4
Q

What are the reasons for server consolidation as an impact of virtualization on the evolution of vital systems?

A

Consolidation management, migration from physical to virtual machines. It is possible to move the virtual machines without interrupting the application running inside. It is also possible to automatically balance the workload, according to set limits and guarantees.

Servers and applications are protected against components and system failure

Different OS can run on the same hardware

Higher hardware utilization

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5
Q

What are some of the reasons for the cloud computing to be the consequence of the virtualization in the development of IT systems?

A

Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (network, servers, storage, applications, service) that can be rapidly provision and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction

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6
Q

What are the three main services provided by cloud?

A

Cloud application, cloud software environment, and cloud software infrastructure (computational resources, storage, communications)

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7
Q

Define the cloud application layer

A

SaaS

User access the services provided by the layer through web portal and are sometimes required to pay fees to use them

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8
Q

Define the cloud software environmental layer

A

PaaS

Users are application developers

Providers supply developers, with a programming, language level environment with a well-defined API

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9
Q

Define the cloud software infrastructure layer

A

IaaS: Computational
DaaS: Storage
CaaS: Communications

Provides resources to the higher level layers (software and software environment)

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10
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of virtual machines?

A

Advantages, flexibility, and super user

Disadvantages, performance interference, and inability to provide strong warrantees about SLAs

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11
Q

Define the DaaS

A

Data as a service allow the user to store their data at remote discs and access data anytime from any place

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12
Q

Define the CaaS

A

Communication as a service provides communication capabilities, and network securities, dynamic provision of virtual overlay for traffic, isolation or dedicated bandwidth, guaranteed message delay, communication, encryption, and network monitoring

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13
Q

What are the types of clouds?

A

Private, community, hybrid, public

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of public clouds?

A

Large scale infrastructure available on a rental basis

Fully customer self service, service level agreements are advertised, resources are rented via web services

Accountability is e-commerce based

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15
Q

What are some characteristics of pirate clouds?

A

They are internally managed data centers

The organization set up a virtualization environment on its own servers

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16
Q

What are some characteristics of community clouds?

A

They are single cloud managed by several federated organizations

Technically similar to private cloud

Hosted locally or externally

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17
Q

Define some characteristics of hybrid clouds

A

Hybrid already combination of any of the other types

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18
Q

How is cloud implemented?

A

Through virtualization, hardware resources (CPU, run, ECC…) are partitioned and shared along multiple virtual machines

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19
Q

What is the VMM?

A

Virtual machine monitor governs the access to the physical resources among running VM’s

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20
Q

What is the level of ISA in a layered execution model? What is its importance?

A

Level two

It marks the division between hardware and software

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21
Q

What are the two different types of ISA?

A

User ISA, aspects of the ISA that are visible to an application program. When application interacts with the hardware, user ISA is used.

System ISA, aspects visible to supervisor software (I. E., the OS) which is responsible for managing hardware resources. When the OS interacts with the hardware, system ISA is used.

22
Q

What is the level of the ABI in the layered execution model? What does ABI stand for?

A

Application binary interface corresponds to level three in the layered execution model

23
Q

What are the two different interfaces of ABIs?

A

The two interfaces in the application binary interface are the user ISA and the system call (which are calls that allow programs to interact with shared hardware resources, indirectly by OS)

24
Q

What is a virtual machine?

A

It is a logical abstraction able to provide a virtualized execution environment

25
Q

What are the tasks of a VM?

A

To map virtual resources or states to corresponding physical ones

To use physical machining instructions/calls to execute the virtual ones

26
Q

What are the two types of virtual machines?

A

Process VM’s and system VMs

27
Q

What are the characteristics of process VM’s?

A

The runtime software supports the levels 0-3 off the architecture

Virtualization software replaced at the ABI interface, on top of the OS/hardware combination

The virtualizing software emulates both user level instructions and operating system calls

28
Q

Define system VM’s

A

The VMM support the level 0–2 of the architecture

Provide a complete system environments that can support an operating system (potentially with many user processes)

Provides operating system running in it access to underlying hardware resources

Virtualizing software placed between hardware and software (emulates the ISA interface seen by software )

29
Q

What are the definitions for host and guest?

A

Host is the underlying platform supporting the environment/system

Guest is the software that runs in the VM environment as the guest

30
Q

How does virtualization is implemented?

A

Given a typical layered architecture of a system by adding layers between execution stock layers

31
Q

Depending on where the layer is placed, we will be taking different types of virtualization what are them?

A

Hardware level of virtualization, application level virtualization, and system level virtualization

32
Q

Define the hardware level virtualization

A

Virtualization layer placed between hardware and OS

Interface seen by application might be different from the physical one

33
Q

Defined the application level virtualization

A

If vitalization layer is placed between the OS and some applications

Provides the same interface to the applications

Application run in their environment, independently from OS

34
Q

Define System level of vitalization

A

Vitalization layer provides the interface of a physical machine to a secondary OS and a set of application running in it, allowing them to run onto top of an existing OS

Placed between the system OS and other Os

Enable several OSs to run on a single hardware

35
Q

Define System level of vitalization

A

Vitalization layer provides the interface of a physical machine to a secondary OS and a set of application running in it, allowing them to run onto top of an existing OS

Placed between the system OS and other Os

Enable several OSs to run on a single hardware

36
Q

What are the properties of vitalization technologies?

A

Partitioning, execution of multiple OS on a single physical machine

Isolation

Encapsulation

Hardware independence

37
Q

What are VMMs

A

Virtual machine manager, virtual machine monitor, or hypervisor are application that manages the virtual machines, mediate access to the hardware resources on the physical host system, and intercept and handles any privileged or protected instructions issued by the virtual machines

38
Q

What are the hypervisor types?

A

Type one and two

39
Q

Define the type one hyper visor

A

Type one or bare metal takes direct control of the hardware

There are two of them monolithic and microkernel

40
Q

What are monolithic hypervisor and they are advantages and disadvantages?

A

Device drivers run within the hyper visor

It is better for performance and isolation

But it can run only on the hardware for which the hypervisor has drivers

41
Q

What are microkernel hypervisor and their advantages and disadvantages?

A

Device drivers run within a service virtual machine

Advantages: Smaller hypervisors and leverage driver ecosystem of an existing, can third-party driver

Disadvantages:

42
Q

What are the type two hypervisors?

A

They resigned within a host operating system.

The host OS controls the hardware of the system

43
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the type two hyper visors?

A

They are more flexible in terms of underlying hardware

They are simpler to manage and configure

The host OS might consume a non-negligible set of physical resources

44
Q

What are the ways we can implement a system level vitalization

A

Paravirtualization and full virtualization

45
Q

Define full virtualization

A

It provides a complete simulation of the underlying hardware

46
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of full virtualization

A

Advantages:
Running unmodified OS
Complete isolation

Disadvantages:
Performance
Hyper visor mediation
Not every architecture

47
Q

Define paravirtualization

A

Guest OS and VMM collaborates. VMM present to VM an interface similar but not identical to that off the underlying hardware.

48
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of paravirtualization

A

Simpler VMM
Higher performance

Only modify guest OS

49
Q

What are containers?

A

Containers are pre-configured packages, with everything you need to execute a code in the target machine

50
Q

What is the main difference between VM and containers?

A

The main difference is that the containers share the host system kernel with other containers

51
Q

What are the main advantages of containers?

A

The main advantages of containers is that their behavior is predictable, repeatable and mutable

06 - Computing Infrastructures (13 decks)

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