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Microbiology > Clostridium > Flashcards

Clostridium Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Are they aerobic

A

No. They are obligated to anaerobes

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2
Q

Are they motile

A

Yes. Except for C per fingers , c Ramosum and C tetani.

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3
Q

Are they spore forming.

A

Yes.

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4
Q

Are they capsulated.

A

No. Excpt for c perfinges and c butyrium.

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5
Q

What causes gas gangrene

A

C perfinges
C septicus
C sporogenes
C histolytica

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6
Q

Tetanus

A

C tetani

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7
Q

Botulism

A

C botulinum

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8
Q

Antibiotics associated diarrhoea

A

C. difficile.

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9
Q

Culture media for c perfinges

A

Naegler’s reaction - alpha toxin produces opalescent near the streak line of egg yolk agar
Blood agar- target hemolysis
Mc conkey agar - pink
Litmus milk - stormy fermentation.

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10
Q

What is target hemolysis

A

Inner complete hemolysis surrounded by incomplete hemolysis specific to C perfinges.

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11
Q

Toxins produced by c perfinges

A

Major toxins - alpha beta epsilon and iota
Minor toxins - gamma delta ….
Neuraminidase
Histamine bursting factor
Circulating factor.
Enterotoxin

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12
Q

How many major and minor toxins?

A

4- major
8- minor.

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13
Q

Types of clostridia’s wound infections

A

Simple wound infection
Anaerobic cellulitis
Anaerobic myositis.

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14
Q

Treatment of gas gangrene

A

Penicillin
Clindamycin
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Emergency : passive immunisation with anti alpha toxin.

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15
Q

Features of gas gangrene

A

Crepitus
Foul smelling serosanguinous exudate
Shock and organ failure . Therefore it has a high mortality rate.

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16
Q

Other infections caused by c perfinges.

A

Enterotoxin causes food poisoning
Skin and soft tissue infections
Infection of endometrium leading to toxic shock syndrome.

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17
Q

Enterotoxin clostridial infection is produced by which type

A

C perfinges type c producing beta toxin.

18
Q

Main source of infection for clostridium

A

Soil

19
Q

Is clostridium tetani motile

A

No

20
Q

Is c tetani capsulated

A

No

21
Q

Are they spore forming

A

Yes

22
Q

Toxins of c tetani

A

Exotoxins -
Tetanolysin
Tetanospasmin

23
Q

Tetanolysin features

A

They are heat labile and oxygen labile. They are not pathogenic

24
Q

Tetanospasmin features

A

They are heat labile but oxygen stable. They inhibit the inhibitory neurotransmitter such as GABA and glycine.

25
Q

Features of tetanus

A

It first affects the facial muscles and jaws because of shorter neural distance
It causes neck rigidity and trismus.
Complications- risus sardonicus - constant grinning
Opisthotonus - posture complications
Respiratory muscle spasm - airway obstruction

26
Q

How do you detect Tetanolysin

A

In vitri hemolysis inhibition test

27
Q

Tetanospasmin detection

A

In Vigo mouse inoculation test

28
Q

How do you know if it is proteolytic

A

RCM broth turns black and has a foul odour

29
Q

Blood agar findings for c tetani

A

Alpha hemolysis that later turns to beta hemolysis.

30
Q

Why is antibiotics not suggested for tetani

A

Even though metronidazole is recommended , it is of no use because it does not act against the toxins produced. Antibiotic are useful only to reduce the number of organisms and prevent further release of toxins.

31
Q

Passive Immunisation for tetani

A

Human tetanus immunoglobulin ( more preferred)
Anti tetanus serum ( may produce serum sickness and anaphylaxis )

32
Q

Active immunisation for tetani

A

Tetanus toxoid. Can be adsorbed or plain. Adsorbed increases the time of immunity.

33
Q

Tetanus immunisation dosage

A
34
Q

Is c botulinum motile

A

Yes

35
Q

Is cbitulinum capsulated

A

No

36
Q

Toxin name and MOA

A

botulinum toxin. They inhibit acetylcholine release leading to flaccid paralysis. However it recovers after 2-4 months as new neuronal terminals develop.

37
Q

Can botulinum toxin be used in treatment

A

Yes. In TGN , myoclonus, blepharospasm.

38
Q

Types of botulism

A

Food borne( canned food)
Wound borne
Infants ( honey given to children less than 1 yr )
Iatrogenic ( overdose of toxin)

39
Q

Treatment of C. difficile

A

Metronidazole

40
Q

Antibiotics causing clostridial diarrhoea

A

Cephalosporins
Clindamycin
Fluoroquinones
Ampicillin

Microbiology (5 decks)

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