cloning technology + pharmacogenetics + etc Flashcards
three types of cloning techniques
- recombinant DNA technology
- reproductive cloning
- therapeutic cloning
recombinant DNA technology
when human genes are cloned into bacteria or other organism to produce a human gene product + recombinant DNA
recombinant DNA technology gene therapy
refers to insertion of genes into individual cells to treat desire
replaces defective allele with function one
inserted gene codes for a normal gene defective in patient
two methods of gene therapy
- cells are extracted and manipulated outside the body and put back in
- cells are treated while inside body (rare, must use retrovirus)
gene therapy techniques involve
replacement of missing gene into somatic cell
gene therapy is best for which type of mutations?
loss of function
reproductive cloning
generate an animal with SAME nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal
uses SCNT
expensive and inefficient (immunocompromised)
SCNT
somatic cell nuclear transfer
- eggs are obtained and nucleus is extracted
- somatic cell from adult is fused with egg (becomes the DNA of the egg)
- egg is activated and coaxed to divide, producing an embryo
therapeutic cloning
aka embryo cloning
production of embryo to be used for research
goal is to harvest stem cells that can be used to study study human development to treat disease
adult stem cells
reside in developed tissue and can act act like repair system by giving rise to new, specialized cells to take place of those that die or are lost
genetically modified products
produced by a set of technologies that alter genetic makeup of living organism
include medicine and vaccines, foods and food ingredients, feeds and fibers
benefits of GM products
enhances taste and quality of crops
reduces maturation time and increases yield/nutrients
increases food security for society
GMP controversies
- potentially negative health and environmental implications (safety)
- world food production access and intellectual property
- ethics (violation of natural organisms)
- labeling
- society
pharmacogenetics
study of how genetic inheritance affects body response to drugs
aims of pharmacogenetics
seeks to figure out which drugs will help individual more and prevent adverse effects of drugs
genetic profiles
used to predict drug responses of individuals
Her-2
protein molecule that tigggers cell growth and division in tumor cells
using pharmG. specific meds can be designed to target this protein
Herceptin
6-mercaptopurine and azthiprine
2 druges used in range of indications that are metabolized by TMPT
TMPT def. individuals will have toxic results in their bone marrow
benefits of PharmG
can result in better, safer drugs the first time
more accurate methods of det. appropriate dosage
decreases overall cost
obstacles of PharmG
determined which gene is involved and impact of variation
acronyms to know
SCREEN - questions to ask during family history
family GENES - factors that may indicate a particular etiology
SCREEN
Some Concern (concerns about conditions that run in family)
Reproduction (problems with infertility, birth defects)
Early dz/death/disability (normal things at early age)
Ethnicity (where did your ancestors come from)
Nongenetic (traits that run in family)
FamilyGENES
remind of factors that may indicate genetic etiology
G )groups of anomalies)
E (early or extreme presentation)
Neurodevelopment
E (exceptional pathology)
S (surprising lab values)
