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Microbiology Clokie > Clokie 5 Water treatment > Flashcards

Clokie 5 Water treatment Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hydrologic (water) cycle:

A

is cyclic exchange of water between atmosphere & biosphere.

  • Water precipitates as rain; falls to Earth.
  • It is returned by evaporation to the air.
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2
Q

Microbes & water cycle uses

A
  • Wastewater: liquid derived from domestic sewage, industry that can’t be discharged into lakes/streams due to heath, economic, environmental or aesthetic reasons
  • Clean water essential to public health
  • Monitor, assess, remediate quality
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3
Q

Water purification most important for ..

A

public health

• Lapses → highly significant

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4
Q

Microbes used to:

A

– Identify
– Remove
– Degrade

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5
Q

PATHOGENS

-caused by input of sewage into rivers

A

CHOLERA , TYPHOID OUTBREAKS

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6
Q

Cholera
Causes:

Cases:

A

• Causes exhaustive diarrhoea, vomiting

Vibrio cholerae occurs naturally in plankton of fresh, brackish, and salt water
• Affects 3–5 million people, 100,000–130,000 deaths a year

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7
Q

Typhoid
Causes:
cases:

A
  • Salmonella enterica, serovar Typhi
  • 16–33 million cases of typhoid fever occur annually
  • Most deaths ~ 5 and 19 years old
  • Kills 1-20% people infected
  • Major problem in certain countries such as Nepal
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8
Q

Assessing water quality

A
  • rapid easy test for faecal contamination rather than pathogensis per species
  • Use indicator organisms
  • Choose a gut commensal of animals and man
  • If present in large quantities, test more sensitive
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9
Q

Major constituents and composition of the human gut

A

Enterococci & enterococcus faecalis

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10
Q

CURRENT STATUTORY TEST:

A

PRESUMPTIVE COLIFORM TEST

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11
Q

PRESUMPTIVE COLIFORM TEST

A
  1. Gram –ve rod that produces acid & gas from lactose in presence of bile salts at 37° C in 24 – 48 h
  2. Member of the Enterobacteriacea, grows at 37 ° C with β-galactosidase acivity
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12
Q
  • MPN (most probable number) liquid culture

* MF (membrane filter)

A
  1. TUBES OF MEDIA e.g. MacCONKEY
  2. DURHAM TUBE FOR GAS DETECTION
  3. REFER TO PROBABILITY TABLES
  4. CONFIRM E.COLI IF ANY CHANGE
    2nd way of doing test: filter, grow is sensitive though
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13
Q

Enterococcus

A

• E. faecalis 90-95% a E. faecium 5-10%

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14
Q

Water quality is currently monitored in EU using two groups of faecal indicator organisms

A
  • Faecal coliforms

* Intestinal enterococci

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15
Q

Bacteroides:

A

• Anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria
most substantial portion of human gastrointestinal flora (aerotolerant anaerobes)
• faeces of humans (1010-1011 cells/gram)
• Presence of these phages in wastewaters, & surface waters, shellfish, & sediments could suggests human contamination

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16
Q

Detecting bacteriophages*

A

Results expressed as plaque forming units (PFU) per 100 ml

17
Q

POTENITAL PROBLEMS W/ VIRUSES & PROTOZOA

A

CHLORINE RESISTANT

-> no routine tests, molecular screening being developed

18
Q

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

A
  • High BOD accelerates heterotrophic respiration.
  • Can cause a massive die-off of fish & other aquatic animals.
  • Microbial oxygen consumption
19
Q

Goal of wastewater treatment facility :

x2

A

– reduce organic + inorganic materials so not support microbial growth
– Eliminate toxic materials

20
Q

Efficiency of treatment is expressed in

A

terms of

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

21
Q

1912 set water standard of

A

20 ppm BOD5 as max conc permitted in sewage works

22
Q

BOD5

A
  • Water under test: measure O2 => reading 1
  • Sealed bottle 5 days: measure O2=> reading 2
  • BOD5 = reading 1-reading 2 (mg/ l ppm)
  • Indirect measure of organic material
23
Q

Preliminary treatment:

A

removes solid debris

24
Q

Primary treatment:

A

fine screens & sedimentation tanks remove insoluble particles

  • May contain 200 BOD – 1500 BOD units
  • Effluent plant 5 BOD
  • Wastewater → grates, screens → settled
  • Still have high BOD
  • Most plants have secondary treatment
25
Q

Secondary treatment:

A

microbial decomposition of organic content

26
Q

Tertiary (advanced) treatment:

A

chlorination or other chemical applications to remove pathogens

27
Q

ways of killing pathogens:

A

– Chlorination (hypochlorite OCl-) or irradiation with uv to produce ozone and kill remaining pathogens
• Removing organic material
– Oxidation of organic compounds is a microbial process

28
Q

Microbial oxidation

A
  • Oxidise organic matter to CO2

* Held in contact with a large number

29
Q

Anoxic Secondary treatment:

A
  • treat containing large amounts of organic matter (↑BOD)
    – Food
    – Dairy-processing
    • Sludge digesters or bioreactors
    • Anoxic microorganisms convert macromolecular waste → soluble components
    – Polysacharases, proteases, lipases
    • Soluble components fermented to acetate, CO2 & H2
    • Methanogenic archeae => methane & CO2
    • Methane collected & burned/used as fuel
30
Q

Aerobic secondary wastewater treatment:

A 
•	Used to treat water containing low amounts of organic matter (↓BOD)
•	Most non-industrial waste 
•	Most common:
–	Trickling filter
–	Activated sludge
31
Q

Bacteria used in trickling filter

A

• Mainly gram negative bacteria
– Pseudomonas
– Zoogloea
– Sphaerotilus

32
Q

Trickle filters (bacterial beds)

A
  • development of organisms with slow growth rates
  • e.g. Nitrifiers (Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas)
  • Suitable for small works easy to operate
  • Resistant to shock loadings
  • But take up a lot of space and odour/fly problems
33
Q

Activated sludge:

A

• Selects for organisms that flocculate and sediment
• E.g. gram negative bacteria
– Pseudomonas
– Zoogloea
– Achromobacter
• E.g. ciliates such as Vorticella
• Complex engineering, sensitive to shock, but economical with space

34
Q

Activated sludge: Protozoa

A
  • strict

* indicators of a toxic environment

35
Q

Activated sludge Flocs

A

• flocculation and gravity sedimentation

– Pseudomonas, Zoogloea, Achromobacter

36
Q

Zoogloea ramigera

A

• aerobic Gram-negative bacillus found primarily in organically enriched aqueous environments

37
Q

Aerobic sewage products

A
  • not safe => buried/burned
  • OR treated anaerobically in a method similar to primary waste –> converted into CO2, CH4 and microbial cells (can be used as fertiliser)
38
Q

purpose of water treatment

A
  • removing undesirable chemical and biological contaminants from raw water.
  • purified for drinking water ie. human consumption
  • medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications

Microbiology Clokie (5 decks)

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