Clokie 2 bacterial metabolism

Question 1

bacteria have been around for

Answer 1

3.9 billion yrs

Question 2

Estimated that we can grow

Answer 2

only 1%

a lot of bacteria culture conditions are difficult to reproduce in a lab

Question 3

Metabolism:

Answer 3

is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life
• These processes allow organisms to grow, reproduce, maintain structures, and respond to their environments

Question 4

Catabolism:

Answer 4

breaks down organic matter, for example to harvest energy in cellular respiration

Question 5

Anabolism:

Answer 5

uses energy to construct components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids

Question 6

bacteria that use citrate as a carbon source :

Answer 6

Enterobacter faecalis and E. aerogenes

Question 7

bacteria that need oxygen to grow :

Answer 7

Psedomonas putida and E. faecalis

Question 8

Catalase test:

Answer 8

if microbe is producing oxygen (Psedomonas putida and E. faecalis)

Question 9

Oxidase test:

Answer 9

bacteria on filter paper and changing colour to purple (Psedomonas putida and E. faecalis)

Question 10

Basic needs for life/growth

x3

Answer 10

1) energy source
2) carbon source
3) electron source

Question 11

Phototrophy uses

Answer 11

Light energy

Question 12

Chemotrophy uses

Answer 12

Chemical bond energy

Question 13

Photosynthesis:

Answer 13

a metabolic pathway the converts CO2 to sugars using sunlight energy
(sunlight energy transformed to chemical energy)

Question 14

Respiration:

Answer 14

set of metabolic reactions that transform energy from nutrients into chemical energy (generally O2 is the ultimate electron acceptor)

Question 15

Fermentation:

Answer 15

process of energy production in

a cell under anaerobic conditions

Question 16

Substrate-level phosphorylation:

Answer 16

GRADIENT allows energy: the energy drives the passing of an electron through an electron transport chain, and ATP is produced

Question 17

Organic Electron donors:

Answer 17

Soil organic matter) =>organotrophs

Question 18

Inorganic Electron donors

Answer 18

(-lithotrophic-)

(eg. H2O, H2, H2S)

Question 19

CARBON SOURCES

• Autotrophy

Answer 19

CO2

Question 20

CARBON SOURCES

• Heterotrophy

Answer 20

use organic compounds

Question 21

Photoautotroph:

Answer 21

– light for energy and CO2 for carbon

– bacteria, plants and algae

Question 22

Photoheterotroph:

Answer 22

– light for energy and organic compounds for carbon

– some bacteria and algae

Question 23

Chemoheterotroph:

Answer 23

– usually a single organic compound acts as a source for both energy and carbon
– most microbes

Question 24

Chemoautotroph:

Answer 24

– oxidise inorganic chemical compounds for energy and use CO2 as a carbon source
– a few bacteria and archea

Question 25

Why is O2 harmful to some bacteria?

Answer 25

a harsh oxidizing agent | • Very harmful if no protective mechanisms

Question 26

aerobes:

Answer 26

grow in O2 use aerobic respiration as their principle energy generation: • They use O2 as their terminal electron acceptor

Question 27

ANAEROBES

Answer 27

``` • Never developed protective mechanisms against O2 • Live in oxygen free environments: – Animal intestinal tracts – Lake/ocean sediments ```

Question 28

Aerobes | metabolism

Answer 28

Aerobic respiration Oxygenic photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Question 29

ANAEROBES | metabolism

Answer 29

Fermentation Anaerobic respiration Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Question 30

Phototrophy:

Answer 30

* Pigments absorb energy from the sun * An electron with a higher energy level is then released from within the pigment * This electron is passed through an electron transport chain, with the generation of energy by formation of ATP

Question 31

Phototrophy | Carbon Source

Answer 31

* 1) Autotrophy: CO2 * (2) Heterotrophy: organic compounds * (3) Mixotrophy: Both

Question 32

Phototrophy | Anoxygenic

Answer 32

– uses bacteriochlorophyll and has 1 reaction centre e.g. purple & green sulphur & non-sulpher Heliobacteria

Question 33

Phototrophy | Oxygenic

Answer 33

uses chlorophyll and has 2 reaction centres e.g. – Cyanobacteria

Question 34

Purple sulphur bacteria electron donor: respire: Habitat:

Answer 34

* electron donor: H2S * Respire: anaerobically * Habitat: illuminate, anoxic zones of aquatic environments * Some halophilic (salt loving) found in soda lakes and salterns

Question 35

``` Purple non-sulphur bacteria electron donor: Respire: Habitat: metabolic grp: Morphology: ```

Answer 35

* electron donor: H * Respire: aerobic. * Habitat: Found everywhere, freshwater, marine and sediment * mixotrophic * Morphologically diverse

Question 36

Examples of Purple non-sulphur bacteria

Answer 36

Rhodospirillum, Rhodopseudomonas and Rhodobacter

Question 37

``` Green sulphur bacteria electron donor: Habitat: Metabolic grp: Morphology: ```

Answer 37

Electron donors: H2S, S or S2O32- SO42- (which inevitably becomes H2SO4 sulphuric acid) Habitat: Similar ecological niche to marine cyanobacteria Metabolic grp: Photolithotrophs Morphology: Spheres, rods, and spirals

Question 38

Green sulphur bacteria Also known as

Answer 38

• Chlorobium species

Question 39

``` HelioBacteria electron donor : Respire: Metabolic grp: Habitat: ```

Answer 39

electron donor : H2S Respire: exclusively anaerobic Metabolic: photoheterotrophic, Habitat: soils, esp. waterlogged soils of paddy fields

Question 40

Green non-sulphur Also known as Chloroflexi

Answer 40

Chloroflexi | • Chloroflexus species

Question 41

Green non-sulphur bacteria electron donors: Metablic grp: Habitat:

Answer 41

``` • electron donors: hydrogen • Photoherotrophs: carbon (acetate or pyruvate) are around Photoautotrophs: no carbon Photoheterotrophic; • Habitat: moderately thermophilic ```

Question 42

Cyanobacteria Electron donor: Habitat:

Answer 42

Electron donor: water Habitat: Green scum on ponds - only oxygenic phototrophic prokaryotes

Question 43

Examples of Cyanobacteria x2

Answer 43

genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus