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Microbiology Clokie > Clokie 3 Prokaryotic metabolic diversity > Flashcards

Clokie 3 Prokaryotic metabolic diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Medical microbiology:

A

understanding microbial pathogenesis, toxin production, exploitation of host enzymes

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2
Q

Microbiome:

A

understanding roles of ‘non-pathogenic’ microbes

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3
Q

Diagnostic microbiology:

A

designing tests to detect specific metabolic intermediates & products (e.g., amylase test, catalase test, etc)

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4
Q

Pharmaceutical microbiology:

A

Understanding and determining essential, specific metabolic steps allows targeting them to kill pathogens

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5
Q

Biotechnology:

A
  1. understanding conditions to control microbial products and to get the right fermentation pathways (biofuel, bioleaching etc)
  2. exploiting specific microbial metabolic pathways for production of antibiotics, enzymes, etc…
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6
Q

Foods and drugs microbiology:

A

of plant origin owe their taste, smell, active constituents to microbial metabolism.

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7
Q

Environmental microbiology:

A

Fundamental understanding of biogeochemical cycling on earth

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8
Q

Chemoheterotrophy:

A

– Inorganic compounds

- bacteria and archaea

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9
Q

OILRIG

A

Oxidation
Is
Loss of e-

Reduction
Is
Gain of e-

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10
Q

CHEMOTROPHY:

A

• Energy accessed by harnessing and linking oxidation/reduction pairs

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11
Q

Oxidized form always written..

A

..on the left

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12
Q

REACTION COUPLE 1
H2 ->
Becomes..
Tendency…

A

-> 2e- + 2H+
..oxidised (i.e. electron donor)
..to release e-

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13
Q

REACTION COUPLE 2
O2 + 2 e- + 2H+ ->
Becomes..
Tendency..

A

-> H2O
Reduced (i.e. electron acceptor)
..to accept electrons

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14
Q

REDOX POTENTIAL:

A

• Capacity of a pair to donate or accept electrons is measured by the oxidation/reduction potential (E0′)
• Measured electrically by reference to standard
Donate or accept e-

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15
Q

ELECTRON TOWER

A

ANIMALS USE ORGANICS (VIA NAD, NADP)AS ELECTRON DONOR& O2 AS ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

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16
Q

Prokaryotic energy source s

A

amonia, nitrate iron etc

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17
Q

CHEMOHETEROTROPHS

• Have two mechanisms for energy conservation

A

– Respiration

– Fermentation

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18
Q

synthesis of ATP is driven by

A

energy released in oxidation-reduction reactions

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19
Q

• Respiration:

A

O2/other electron acceptor present

20
Q

• Fermentation:

A

redox has no exogenous e- acceptors

-> O2 is from internal cell

21
Q

Oxidase test

A
  • Filter paper with redox dye, artificially donates an electron to cytochrome
  • cytochrome system is usually only present in aerobic organisms capable of using oxygen as terminal electron acceptor
  • Turns purple if dye is oxidised by oxygen released from metabolic reaction
22
Q

The redox tower of metabolism

A

ability to accept and donate must be in correct system

23
Q

Deinococci
Grow:
Habitat:
Metabolic grp:

A
  • Grow on sugars, amino and organic acids/mixtures

* Aerobic thermophilic Chemoheterotrophs

24
Q 
Spirochetes:
Respire:
Habitat:
Cause disease:
Morphology
A

• Aerobic/Anaerobic ferment sugars
• Widespread in aquatic environments and in animals
. syphilis (Treponema) and Lyme disease (Borrelia)
– Helical structure allows it to move in a corkscrew

25
Q

Planctomyces
Respire:
Metabolic grp:
Strange because:

A

• Facultatively aerobic Chemoheterotrophs
• Ferment or respire sugars
• Lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls
- membrane bound nuclear structure

26
Q

Methanotrophs and methylotrophs

Habitat:

A

Methylosinus Type I & II

Habitat: anoxic muds, marshes, lakes, rumen and intestinal tract

27
Q

Methylotrophs:

A

grow on one-carbon compounds

• can also use organic acids, ethanol, sugars

28
Q

Methanotroph

A

can also grow on methane (as well as the more oxidized one carbon compounds)
• are obligate aerobes as introduce O2 into the methane molecule

29
Q

Diazotroph - N2 reduction: example

A

Azotobacter

30
Q 
Azotobacter 
Respire:
Metabolic grp
Grow:
Fix N2:
Morphology:
A

• Obligate aerobes
• Metabolism strictly oxidative
• Grow on a range of carbohydrates, alcohols and organic acids
• Fix N2 nonsymbiotically
-> increase nitrate in soil -> used by plants
Large gram –ve rods

31
Q 
Rhizobium
Metabolic grp
Grow:
Fix N2:
Morphology:
A

• peas, beans, clover, and soy

  • N2-fixing symbiont of legumes
  • gram negative, motile, non-sporulating rods.
32
Q

CHEMOAUTOTROPHS:

A
  • use inorganic electron donors

- most also capable of autotrophic growth – some mixotrophic

33
Q

Sources of inorganic electron donors

A 
•	Geological, biological or anthropogenic
–	Volcanic activity primarily H2S
•	Biological 
–	H2S, H2, NH3
•	Agricultural and mining esp. N and Fe
–	Burning fossil fuels
–	Input of industrial wastes
34
Q

Example of Fe2+ oxidation

A

• Aerobic oxidation of ferrous Fe2+ iron to ferric iron Fe3+
• Only small amounts of energy available (-32.9 kJ/reaction)
Still enough to make ATP

35
Q

H2 oxidation: example

A

Aquifex

36
Q

Aquifex

Metabolic grp
electron donors:
elcetron acceptors:
Habitat:

A
  • Obligate chemolithothroph and autotrophic hyperthermophile
  • Different species use H2, S0, S2O32- as electron donors
  • O2 and NO3- as electron acceptors
  • Grow up to 95 °C -> hot springs
  • Tolerates low O2 (rare for hyperthermophiles)
37
Q

NH3 and NO2- oxidation

is by

A

Nitrosifyers and Nitrifyers

38
Q

Nitrosifyers and Nitrifyers:
Mainly:
Habitat:
Metabolic grp:

A
  • Mainly Proteobacteria
  • Soil, water, high ammonia (e.g. sewage, contaminated lakes)
  • Most obligate Chemoautotrophs &obligate aerobes
  • No Chemoautotroph can carry out the complete oxidation from ammonia – nitrate
  • Ammonia oxidising (nitrosifyers)
  • Nitrite oxidising (nitrifyers)
39
Q

Ammonia oxidising

A

nitrosifyers

40
Q

Nitrite oxidising

A

nitrifyers

41
Q 
Sulphur oxidising bacteria
Mainly:
Electron donor:
Electron acceptor:
Metabolic grp:
Habitat:
A
  • several Proteobacterial groups
  • H2S, HS, S, S2O32-
  • O2 as terminal electron acceptor
  • autotrophs (so fix CO2)
  • 2 groups: acid pH (some of these can also use Fe2+) or a neutral pH
  • Accelerate production of sulphuric acid
  • Large size
  • High motility
42
Q

Reduced Sulphur oxidizers

x3

A

Thiobacillus Thiomicrospira Thiothrix

43
Q

Reduced Sulphur oxidizers

equation

A

H2S So SO32-> SO42-

44
Q

Iron Oxidation:

• Ferric iron forms…
• Ferrous iron oxidises to…
- metabolic grp
- habitat

A

…insoluble ferric hydroxide which precipitates in water
… ferric state at neutral pH
- acidophilic
• Grow at pH <1
• Common in acid polluted environments
• Find iron oxidisers at the interface where ferrous iron becomes oxic

45
Q

Most cultured bacteria are

A

chemoheterotrophs

46
Q

• Chemoautotrophs obtain electrons from

A

a range of inorganic donors

Microbiology Clokie (5 decks)

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