(CLOA) Theories

Question 1

behaviorism

Answer 1

theory that behavior can only be observed and that the mind is a black box whos processes cannot be studied

Question 2

cognitive processes

Answer 2

perception, thinking, decision making, problem solving, memory, langugae and attention

Question 3

information processing

Answer 3

brain is the hardware, mental representations are the software, the input is sensory information that comes to us through interaction with the environment (bottom - up processing) information is then processes in the mind by top - down processing via pre-stored information in the memory = output is a form of behavior

Question 4

schema

Answer 4

mental representations that are derived from prior experiences and knowledge

Question 5

how is behavior decided

Answer 5

the bottom - up informatio derived from the senses is interpreted by the top - down influence of relevant schemas to determine whcih behavior is appropriate

Question 6

scripts

Answer 6

patterns of behavior that are learned through our interaction with the environment

Question 7

cognitive memory processes

Answer 7

encoding
storage
retrieval

Question 8

encoding

Answer 8

transforming sensory information into memory

Question 9

storage

Answer 9

creating a biological trace of encoded information in memory

Question 10

retrieval

Answer 10

using the stored information in thinking, problem solving, and decision making

Question 11

memory

Answer 11

process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

Question 12

types of memory

Answer 12

declarative memory
episodic memory
semantic memory
procedural memory

Question 13

declarative memory

Answer 13

memory of facts and events that can be conciously recalled

Question 14

episodic memory

Answer 14

memory of specific events that have occured at a given time and specific place

Question 15

semantic memory

Answer 15

memory of general knowledge of facts and people (ex: schemas, not linked to place or time)

Question 16

procedural memory

Answer 16

unconcious memory of skills and how to do different things

Question 17

Multi Store Model

Answer 17

environment input –> sensory memory –> attention –> short term memory –> rehearsal & retrieval (rehearsal loop) –> long term memory

Question 18

Multi Store Model assumptions

Answer 18

memory consists of separate locations to store info, processes are sequential, each memory store operates in a single uniform manner

Question 19

shot term memory STM

Answer 19

serves as a gateway by which information can gain access to long term memory

Question 20

capacity of STM

Answer 20

7 ±2 items with a duration of 6 - 18 seconds

Question 21

long term memory LTM

Answer 21

vast storehouse of information belived to have indefinite capacity

Question 22

working memory model

Answer 22

extension of MSM, STM sonsists of numerous stores

Question 23

components of working memory model

Answer 23

central executive
phonological loop
episodic buffer
visuospatial sketchpad
long term memory storage

Question 24

central executive

Answer 24

monitors and coordinates the operations of the sub systems of processing and storage, has limited capacity and is modality free

Question 25

phonological loop

Answer 25

auditory components of STM and is divided into articulatory control system and phonological store

Question 26

articulatory control system

Answer 26

can hold information in verbal form

Question 27

phonological store

Answer 27

hold auditory memory traces

Question 28

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 28

temporary store for visual and spatial information, storage and manipulation of visual patterns and spatial movements

Question 29

episodic buffer

Answer 29

temporary and passive display store holding numerous pieces of information until needed, limited capacity

Question 30

thinking

Answer 30

process pf using knowledge and information to make plans, interpret the world and make general predictions

Question 31

components of thinking

Answer 31

problem solving, creativity, reasoning and decison making

Question 32

problem solving

Answer 32

thinking that is directed towards solving specific problems by means of mental strategies

Question 33

decision making

Answer 33

process of identifying and choosing alternatives based on values and prefrences of decision maker

Question 34

dual process method

Answer 34

assumes there are 2 systems of thinking

Question 35

system 1 thinking

Answer 35

automatic, intuitive and effortless way of thinking, employs heuristics used to make decisions or form judgement

Question 36

system 2 thinking

Answer 36

slower, concious and rational mode of thinking that requires more effort

Question 37

heuristics

Answer 37

mental shortcuts that invlove focusing on one aspect of a complex problem and ignoring the others

Question 38

reconstructive memory theory

Answer 38

memory is an active processs that involves the reconstruction of information, rather than being the passive retrieval of information

Question 39

unreliablity of memory

Answer 39

schemas may influence memory processes and determine what one remembers and forgets

Question 40

reconstruction of memory

Answer 40

memory may be influenced by beliefs, feelings about the past or unrelated memories that mix

Question 41

confabulations

Answer 41

a memory based on a fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memory often believed to be true in spite of contradictory behavior

Question 42

flashbulb memory

Answer 42

highly detailed and exceptionally vivid ‘snapshot’ of the moments when a surprising or emotionally arousing moment occured

Question 43

special mechanism hypothesis

Answer 43

the existence of a special biological memory mechanism that when triggered by an event exceeding critical levels fo surprise, creates a permanent record of the details and circumstances surrounding the experience

Question 44

importance driven model

Answer 44

special neural mechanism triggers emotional arousal due to importance or unexpectedness of a memory leading to the memory sticking

Question 45

role of the amygdala in flashbulb memories

Answer 45

emotional events are better remebered than less emotional events because of the amygdala that plays a rol ein emotional memory