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IB Psychology Review > (CLOA) Theories > Flashcards

(CLOA) Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

behaviorism

A

theory that behavior can only be observed and that the mind is a black box whos processes cannot be studied

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2
Q

cognitive processes

A

perception, thinking, decision making, problem solving, memory, langugae and attention

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3
Q

information processing

A

brain is the hardware, mental representations are the software, the input is sensory information that comes to us through interaction with the environment (bottom - up processing) information is then processes in the mind by top - down processing via pre-stored information in the memory = output is a form of behavior

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4
Q

schema

A

mental representations that are derived from prior experiences and knowledge

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5
Q

how is behavior decided

A

the bottom - up informatio derived from the senses is interpreted by the top - down influence of relevant schemas to determine whcih behavior is appropriate

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6
Q

scripts

A

patterns of behavior that are learned through our interaction with the environment

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7
Q

cognitive memory processes

A

encoding
storage
retrieval

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8
Q

encoding

A

transforming sensory information into memory

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9
Q

storage

A

creating a biological trace of encoded information in memory

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10
Q

retrieval

A

using the stored information in thinking, problem solving, and decision making

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11
Q

memory

A

process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

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12
Q

types of memory

A

declarative memory
episodic memory
semantic memory
procedural memory

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13
Q

declarative memory

A

memory of facts and events that can be conciously recalled

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14
Q

episodic memory

A

memory of specific events that have occured at a given time and specific place

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15
Q

semantic memory

A

memory of general knowledge of facts and people (ex: schemas, not linked to place or time)

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16
Q

procedural memory

A

unconcious memory of skills and how to do different things

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17
Q

Multi Store Model

A

environment input –> sensory memory –> attention –> short term memory –> rehearsal & retrieval (rehearsal loop) –> long term memory

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18
Q

Multi Store Model assumptions

A

memory consists of separate locations to store info, processes are sequential, each memory store operates in a single uniform manner

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19
Q

shot term memory STM

A

serves as a gateway by which information can gain access to long term memory

20
Q

capacity of STM

A

7 ±2 items with a duration of 6 - 18 seconds

21
Q

long term memory LTM

A

vast storehouse of information belived to have indefinite capacity

22
Q

working memory model

A

extension of MSM, STM sonsists of numerous stores

23
Q

components of working memory model

A

central executive
phonological loop
episodic buffer
visuospatial sketchpad
long term memory storage

24
Q

central executive

A

monitors and coordinates the operations of the sub systems of processing and storage, has limited capacity and is modality free

25
Q

phonological loop

A

auditory components of STM and is divided into articulatory control system and phonological store

26
Q

articulatory control system

A

can hold information in verbal form

27
Q

phonological store

A

hold auditory memory traces

28
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

temporary store for visual and spatial information, storage and manipulation of visual patterns and spatial movements

29
Q

episodic buffer

A

temporary and passive display store holding numerous pieces of information until needed, limited capacity

30
Q

thinking

A

process pf using knowledge and information to make plans, interpret the world and make general predictions

31
Q

components of thinking

A

problem solving, creativity, reasoning and decison making

32
Q

problem solving

A

thinking that is directed towards solving specific problems by means of mental strategies

33
Q

decision making

A

process of identifying and choosing alternatives based on values and prefrences of decision maker

34
Q

dual process method

A

assumes there are 2 systems of thinking

35
Q

system 1 thinking

A

automatic, intuitive and effortless way of thinking, employs heuristics used to make decisions or form judgement

36
Q

system 2 thinking

A

slower, concious and rational mode of thinking that requires more effort

37
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts that invlove focusing on one aspect of a complex problem and ignoring the others

38
Q

reconstructive memory theory

A

memory is an active processs that involves the reconstruction of information, rather than being the passive retrieval of information

39
Q

unreliablity of memory

A

schemas may influence memory processes and determine what one remembers and forgets

40
Q

reconstruction of memory

A

memory may be influenced by beliefs, feelings about the past or unrelated memories that mix

41
Q

confabulations

A

a memory based on a fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memory often believed to be true in spite of contradictory behavior

42
Q

flashbulb memory

A

highly detailed and exceptionally vivid ‘snapshot’ of the moments when a surprising or emotionally arousing moment occured

43
Q

special mechanism hypothesis

A

the existence of a special biological memory mechanism that when triggered by an event exceeding critical levels fo surprise, creates a permanent record of the details and circumstances surrounding the experience

44
Q

importance driven model

A

special neural mechanism triggers emotional arousal due to importance or unexpectedness of a memory leading to the memory sticking

45
Q

role of the amygdala in flashbulb memories

A

emotional events are better remebered than less emotional events because of the amygdala that plays a rol ein emotional memory

IB Psychology Review (3 decks)

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