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IB Psychology Review > (BLOA) Theories > Flashcards

(BLOA) Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

brain study techniques

A

post mortem analysis
magnetic resonance imaging
functional magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography

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2
Q

post mortem analysis

A

examine brain in slices to determine cause of behaviors or dysfunction when patient was alive

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3
Q

post mortem analysis pros and cons

A

pros: non invasive technique
cons: not possible to compare post mortem to living brain

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4
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

non invasive test using a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and computers to create a scan of brain

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5
Q

MRI pros and cons

A

pros: can pinpoint exact damaged brain structure to understand behavior
cons: prone to disturbance caused by niose and human error and calibration, not always reliable

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6
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

measures oxygenated blood flow in the brain to understand brain activity

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7
Q

fMRI pros and cons

A

pros: measures oxygenated blood in specific brain regions to connect regions and cognitive processes
cons: slow, delay leads to missing information

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8
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

uses a radioactive tracer to measure glucose metabolism of specifc regions in the brain

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9
Q

PET pros and cons

A

pros: more sensitive than other methods, can highlight high abnormalities successfully
cons: uses radioactive tracer causing posible harm

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10
Q

difference between MRI & fMRI

A

MRI measures brain structure and fMRI measures brain function

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11
Q

localization of functions theory

A

specific parts of the brain are responsible for specific behaviors or cognitive processes

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12
Q

hippocampus function

A

in charge of transfering short term memories to long term memories

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13
Q

key areas of the brain

A

brain stem
cerebellum
crebral cortex
limbic system

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14
Q

brain stem function

A

regulating life functions such as blood pressure, breathign and heart rate

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15
Q

cerebellum function

A

key role in balance and motor functions such as speech production and learning

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16
Q

crebral cotext function

A

associated with higher brain functions such as thought and action

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17
Q

cerebral cortex lobes

A

frontal lobe
temporal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe

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18
Q

frontal lobe function

A

executive functions - planning, decision making and speech

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19
Q

temporal lobe function

A

auditory processing and memory

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20
Q

parietal lobe function

A

perception of stimuli

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21
Q

occipital lobe function

A

visual processing

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22
Q

limbic system function (emotional brain)

A

major role in memory and emotion

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23
Q

components of limbic system

A

amygdala
basal ganglia
hippocampus
hypothalamus
nucleus accumbens

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24
Q

amygdala

A

emotional memory and fear responses

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25
Q

hypothalamus

A

involved in hemeostasis, emotion, thirst, hunger and control of autonomic nervous system

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26
Q

episodic memories

A

memories of autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated

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27
Q

semantic memories

A

long term memories that process ideas and concepts not from personal experience

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28
Q

procedural memories

A

long term emmeories in charge of knowing how to do things

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29
Q

neruplasticity

A

the brains ability to alter its won structure following changes within the body or exeternal environment

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30
Q

dentric connection

A

dendrites of the neruons grow in number and connect with other neurons creating new traces

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31
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

ability of neurons to modify the strenght of their connections (use it or lose it)

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32
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)

A

synapses become stronger through repeated usage

33
Q

synaptic pruning

A

when a synapse is no longer used or is under stimulated, a way for the brain to remove synapses no longer needed

34
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells

35
Q

neuron function

A

send electrochemical messages to the brain to respond to stimuli

36
Q

neurotransmission

A

process by which neurons send messages to the brain

37
Q

action potential

A

electrical impulse that travels along the body

38
Q

explain process of neurotransmission

A

when an action ptential travels down the axon of the neuron, it releases neurotransmitters stored in the neuron’s terminal buttons that are then released into the synapses

39
Q

neurotransmitters

A

body’s natural chemical messages that transmit information

40
Q

type of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine
dopamine
norepinephine
seretonin

41
Q

acetycholine function

A

consslidation of memory in the hippocampus

42
Q

dopamine function

A

conrtols the brain’s reward and pleasure systems, low levels are linked to addictive behavior

43
Q

norepinephrine

A

arousal and alertness

44
Q

seretonin

A

sleep, arousal elevels and emotion

45
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

decrease the likelyhood of a neurone firing by hyperpolarizing the neuron

46
Q

extatory neurotransmitters

A

increase the likelyhood of a neruon firing by depolarizing the neuron

47
Q

hormones

A

class of chemicals that affect behavior, secreted by glands in the endocrine system released directly into the bloodstream

48
Q

types of hormones

A

adrenaline
cortisol
melatonin
neuropeptide Y
oxytocin
testosterone

49
Q

adrenaline

A

secreted by adrenal glands, responsible for fight or flight response plays a role in memory formation

50
Q

cortisol

A

secreted by adrenal glands, helps control nlood sugar levels, regualte metabolism, reduce inflammation, assist with memory formation

51
Q

melatonin

A

secreted by pineal glands, signals relaxation, lower body temperature

52
Q

neuropeptide Y

A

produced by hypothalamus (acts as a neruotransmitter) stimulates food intake, reduces anxiety, stress, and pain perception

53
Q

oxytocin

A

produced by hpypothalamus (acts as a neurotransmitter), secreted by pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding

54
Q

testosterone

A

secreted by testes, plays a facilitative role in aggressive behavior

55
Q

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

A

central nervous system and the endocrine system adjusting the balance of hormones in response to stress in the hypothalamus by stimulating the pituitary glands to release hormones to further cause adrenal glands to release cortisol which dumps glucose into the bloodstream to provide energy and adrenaline increases heart rate, plood pressure and respiration

56
Q

pheromones

A

chemical substance produced and released into the environemtn by an animal affecting the behavior or physiology of ther animals in the same species

57
Q

primer pheromones

A

cause slow long term physiological changes

58
Q

signaling pheromones

A

produce rapid behavioral effects such as mating

59
Q

potential human pheromones

A

androstradienone (AND)
estratetraenol (EST)
hexadecanal

60
Q

androstadienone

A

found in male semen and sweat

61
Q

estratetraenol

A

found in female urine

62
Q

hexadecanal

A

emitted from newborn’s head to provoke protective instincts in caregiver

63
Q

behavioral genetics

A

understanding how genetics and the environment contribute to indicidual variations in human behavior

64
Q

diathesis - stress model

A

behavior is a predesposition to genetic vulnerability expressed as a result of stress from life experiences
(behavior has a genetic and biological origin)

65
Q

concordance rate

A

probability that the same trait will be present in both memebrs of pairs of tiwnsm

66
Q

monozygotic twins MZ

A

twins from the same fertilized egg that split into 2 embryos

67
Q

dizygotic twins DZ

A

twins from 2 different fertilized eggs

68
Q

adoption studies

A

investigatign similarites between the adoptee and adoptive parents, similarities with the biological parents = potential genetic inheritance, similarities with adoptive parents = environmental factors

69
Q

association studies

A

attempting to match a candidate gene with a specific behvaior

70
Q

family studies (pedigree studies)

A

researchers trace a phenotype over several generations in a family tree to determine the likelyhood this behavior is genetic

71
Q

genome wick association studies

A

an examination of a genome wide set of genetic varients in a large sample to see if any variation are associated with a trait

72
Q

twin studies

A

comparing behvaioral traits of MZ and DZ to evaluate the degree fo genetic and environemntal influence of a specifc trait

73
Q

epigenetics

A

interaction of genetic inheritance and environmental stimuli

74
Q

epigenetic theory

A

for a behavior to occur, genes must be ‘expressed’, genetic expression is a complex chemical reaction to environmental or psychological changes that aloow a gene to do its job

75
Q

population validity

A

type of external validity that describes how well the sample can begeneralized to a population

76
Q

natural selection theory

A

those who adapt best to the environment will have a greater chance of surviving, having children and passing their genes to their offsping

77
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

as genes mutate, those that are adventageous are passed down through a process of natural selection

78
Q

social competition theory

A

belief that media influence, social status, and other terms of competitiveness can affect our sense of self esteem and mood

IB Psychology Review (3 decks)

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