Clipnotes

Question 1

You may respond to a call that could be ____ a crime scene and a medical emergency.

Answer 1

both

Question 2

Patients who are blind or have limited vision, how to communicate with them

Answer 2

Speak to the patient and provide information about the surroundings, clearly describe what you will do before you provide care. If there is a guide dog present, keep the patient and the dog together; let the patient direct the dog or tell you how to manage the dog.

Question 3

Patients who are deaf or hard of hearing, how to communicate

Answer 3

People who are deaf or hard of hearing use a variety of ways to communicate, and your method of communicate may vary depending on the abilities and preferences of the person, In general, the patient has the right to choose their preferred method of communication

Question 4

Patients with developmental disabilities, how to communicate

Answer 4

Remember that you may easily confuse or cause fear in a patient with development disabilities. General recommendations, talking to the patient in a normal tone of voice, talking to them directly, using concrete and specific language, speaking in short sentences, and using simple words. Repeat or rephrase the statements until the patient understands.

Question 5

Patients with dementia, how to communicate

Answer 5

Patients with dementia might experience greater fear, confusion, or frustration. Always introduce yourself and assure the patient that you are going to help them. Speak clearly and slowly to help them understand you; when needed, repeat instructions or questions in the same order

Question 6

Patients who are juveniles, how to communicate

Answer 6

Stay calm is important, get down to their eye level, and move slowly. Include the children in your conversation and keep them informed about what you are doing. Avoid moving the child away from the parents when yo do not expect child abuse

Question 7

Patients with medical equipment, how to communicate

Answer 7

Respectfully ask the patient or caregiver how the special equipment works as you provide emergency first aid

Question 8

Patient with non-english language needs, how to communicate

Answer 8

If an interpreter is unavailable or not immediately available, use the same techniques used to communicate with patients who are hard of hearing. Do not ask children on the scene to interpret as they might be too upset at seeing a loved one in distress to be a reliable interpreter. Non-verbal cues may sometimes be the best way to communicate with the patient if no interpreter is available.

Question 9

______ is a closed system, and the blood is under constant pressure and circulation from the heart’s pumping action.

Answer 9

The circulatory System

Question 10

______ is a closed system, and the blood is under constant pressure and circulation from the heart’s pumping action.

Answer 10

The circulatory System

Question 11

PPE is what against infection?

Answer 11

A barrier against infection

Question 12

Follow precautions to avoid transmission of MRSA:

Answer 12

• shower with soap and water as soon as possible after direct contact with an open sore and use a clean, dry towel
• do not share equipment, towels, soap, or any personal care items
• do not share ointments, crams, or eye drops
• keep your hands away from your nose, mouth, and eyes
• keep all skin wounds completely covered with a bandage
• wash towels, equipment, uniforms, and any other laundry in hot water and detergent daily

Question 13

Possible dangers vary greatly, depending on the ________.

Answer 13

Scene Type

Question 14

Knowing the patient type that you have helps you determine the type of _____ or equipment needed.

Answer 14

first aid

Question 15

When there are _____ patients, you will need to prioritize care and triage patients depending on several factors.

Answer 15

multiple

Question 16

In a clear and concise manner, _____ transmit all information gathered during your size-up so that the communications center or responding units are aware of the circumstances.

Answer 16

verbally

Question 17

LOC

Answer 17

Level Of Consiousness

Question 18

AVPU

Answer 18

Alert
Verbal
Pain
Unresponsive

Question 19

When moving a patient:

Answer 19

• Maintain correct alignment of your spine, shoulders, hips, and feet
• Take a good athletic stance
• Engage your abdominal muscles while lifting
• Use proper breathing techniques
• Look straight ahead. Do not look down
• Lift with your legs, hips, and buttocks, not your back
• Keep the patient’s weight as close to your body as possible
• Limit the distance you need to move the patient if possible

Question 20

Assess Respiration:

Answer 20

• if the respiratory rate is 30 or fewer breaths per minute, assess perfusion
• if the respiratory rate is more than 30 breaths per minute, tag RED
• if the patient is not breathing, open the airway, remove obstructions if seen, and assess for above
• if the patient is still not breathing, tag BLACK

Question 21

Assess perfusion:

Answer 21

• perform by palpating a radial pulse or assessing capillary refill time
• if no radial pulse is present or the capillary refill time is greater than 2sec, tag RED
• if the radial pulse is present or capillary refill time is 2sec or less, assess mental status

Question 22

Assess mental status or LOC:

Answer 22

• assess the patient’s ability to follow simple commands and their orientation to time place, and person
• if the patient follows simple commands, tag YELLOW
• if the patient does not follow simple commands, is unconscious, or disoriented, tag RED
• Note: depending on injuries it may be necessary to tag YELLOW

Question 23

START method of triage can be used to assess many patients rapidly, by:

Answer 23

1. use BSI and appropriate PPE
2. Locate and remove all the walking wounded into one location away from the incident
   3 if available, triage and tag the remaining injured patients with triage ribbons by tying them to an upper extremity in a visible location
3. classify patients according to the START protocols
4. Remember RPM
5. Make independent decisions for each patient
6. if you encounter borderline decisions, always triage to the most urgent priority (GREEN/YELLOW, tag YELLOW
7. Direct the movement of patients to proper treatment areas, if necessary
8. Provide appropriate medical treatment to patients before you move and as incident conditions dictate
9. The 1st assessment that produces a RED tag stops further assessment of that patient. During triage, only manage the correction of life-threatening problems, such as airway obstruction or severe bleeding
10. The triage priority determined in the treatment phase should be the priority used for transport
11. If you identify a patient in the initial triage phase as a RED and transport is available, transport right away

Question 24

SALT

Answer 24

Sort
Assess
Life-saving interventions
Treatment/Transport

Question 25

SALT Methods of triage

Answer 25

1. Begin with patient categorization: global sorting for patients that can walk, wave, or are still, with the goal of prioritizing patients based on severity of injuries
2. Patients are further classified into categories of immediate (RED), expectant (GRAY), delayed (YELLOW), minimal (GREEN), and deceased (BLACK)
3. Performed individual patient assessments and rapid life-saving interventions, such as controlling massive hemorrhage or severe bleeding and addressing airway obstructions
4. In general, the order of treatment or transport should be immediate patients first, then delayed, the minimal. Expectant patients should be provided with treatment or transport when resources allow

Question 26

To stop stop or neutralize the threat if possible, continuously conduct a threat assessment until the threat no longer exists or involved parties are in an area of relative safety. Prioritize only the most life-threatening injuries that can be quickly address.

Answer 26

Direct Threat Care

Question 27

A hot zone can change to a warm zone once the officer is in a place of relative safety or an area of cover becomes cleared but not secured. Follow the assessment and treatment priorities outlined in MARCH. Address any life-threatening bleeding

Answer 27

Indirect Threat Care

Question 28

A cold zone can also refer to an area that has been cleared of threats and may include triage areas and incident command posts. Hand-off to a higher and more skilled practitioner, good practice to re-evaluate the injured person and all interventions so you can communicate the information to EMS

Answer 28

Evacuation Care

Question 29

Signs and Symptoms of Shock may include:

Answer 29

• weak, rapid, or absent pulse (need to know)
• anxiety, restlessness, and fainting
• altered mental status in the absence of a head injury
• nausea and vomiting
• excessive thirst
• eyes that are vacant and dull with large pupils
• shallow, rapid, and irregular breathing
• pale, cool, or moist skin

Question 30

Treatment for Shock:

Answer 30

1. If the patient has life-threatening bleeding or a severe allergic reaction, prevent further blood loss by stopping bleeding or provide treatment for the allergic reaction.
2. Maintain an open airway
3. Remember your CPR training: use the head tilt/chin lift method to open the patient’s airway. If you suspect a spinal or neck injury, use the jaw thrust method
4. Elevate the lower extremities; Position the patient on their back and elevate to 6-12 inches. If you suspect the patient has serious head, neck, spinal, or pelvic injuries, do not elevate
5. Keep the patient warm by covering them with a suitable material to maintain body heat. Do not provide the patient with something to eat or drink

Question 31

Treatment for closed soft-tissue injuries:

Answer 31

1. Treat large bruising and swelling by applying a cold pack to the injury site. Minimal swelling normally does not require treatment but applying cold pack to the injury site helps reduce pain and swelling.
2. If you cannot assess the seriousness of a closed soft-tissue, treat the patient as if they have internal bleeding, and monitor for shock

Question 32

Common signs of major, life-threatening external bleeding:

Answer 32

• blood spurting out of the wound (arterial)
• volumes of blood that will not stop or is pooling on the ground
• clothing soaked with blood
• loss of all or part of an arm or leg (amputation)
• a patient who is bleeding and has an altered level of consciousness

Question 33

To apply a tourniquet to an extremity:

Answer 33

1. Recruit someone with gloved hand, or the patient, to apply pressure while you are preparing to apply the tourniquet
2. Route the looped and preloaded tourniquet band around your non-dominant hand, about your wrist level. Then grasp the injured limb at the hand or foot with your non-dominant hand to off load it into the injured limb with your dominant hand
3. Position the tourniquet as high on the extremity as possible, “high and tight”, and at the right angle to the extremity; do not apply over a solid object within the clothing and do not apply over a joint
4. Pull the band tightly and fasten it back on itself
5. Twist the windlass until the bleeding has stopped
6. Secure the windlass to lock it into place
7. Look at the injury site, check for bleeding, and assess for circulation below the tourniquet of the extremity
8. Secure the Time strap and record the time of application on the strap, write the time on the patient’s forehead, or radio dispatch to record the time of the application
9. Mark the patient on the forehead by writing “T” to alert the medical personnel that the patient is wearing one
10. If in a warm or cold zone, and the time and equipment permit, dress and bandage the wound