Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproduction > Clinical- Week 4 > Flashcards

Clinical- Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what on MUAD, indicates pre-eclampsia risk?

A

notching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is variability of fetal heart rate a sign of?

A

an intact sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what facial deformity can benzodiazepines in pregnancy cause?

A

cleft lip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what scan can you do to predict pre-eclampsia risk?

A

maternal uterine artery doppler at 20-24 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is first line therapy for adults with urgency urinary incontinence or mixed urinary incntinene?

A

bladder training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what score is the best and simplest method available to determine if it is safe to induce labour?

A

bishop score

uses the 5 cervical parameters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a rectocele?

A

rectum (posterior compartment) has prolapsed out of vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is lochia?

A

vaginal discharge in the puerperium phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when does puerperal psychosis present?

A

within 2 weeks of delivery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe the different degrees of uterine descent in uterovaginal prolapse?

A

1st degree- uterus in vagina
2nd degree- at interiotus
3rd degree- outside vagina
procidentia- entirely outside vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what types of collagen are present in cervical tissue?

A

1,2,3,4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what 7 features does the partogram record?

A
  • fetal heart
  • amniotic fluid colour
  • cervical dilatation
  • descent
  • contractions
  • obtruction (moulding)
  • maternal obs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how long does the third stage of labour have to go on for in order to think about removal under GA?

A

1 hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what drug, used to accelerate the delivery of the placenta should you avoid in hypertension?

A

ergometrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is tokophobia?

A

pathological fear of labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does oestrogen do to the contractibility of the uterus?

A

increases it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the normal fetal position?

A

longituinal lie with cephalic presentation with flexed head

occipito-anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the active management of the third stage of labour?

A

oxytotic drugs
-syntometerine (ergometrine + oxytocin) or oxytocin
and
-cord clamping and cutting with controlled cord traction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 2 types of placenta previa?

A

major

minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does stretch of the myometrium do to the myometrial fibres?

A

increases their excitability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do b3 adrenoreceptor agonists (eg mirabegron) work in the treatment of overactive bladder?

A

relaxes bladder smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is antepartum haemorrhage?

A

bleeding in late pregnancy (24 weeks onwards)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why is there commonly malpresentations with placental previa?

A

reduced space for babies head in lower segment of uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what gases make up entonox?

A

50% oxygen

50% nitrous oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the normal baseline variability?

A

greater than 5 beats/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what can meconium in amniotic fluid indicate?

A

fetal distress

breech presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the post-micturation volume of urine in bladder?

A

shouldnt be above 100ml

normal is age dependent: 10-80ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what happens to the number of oxytocin receptors in myometrial and decidual tissues near the end of pregnancy?

A

numbers increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

if the fetus is in transverse lie, what is the presentation of the fetus?

A

shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what may the uterus feel like in placental abruption?

A

wooden hard consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

when can topical oestrogens be used for urinary incontinence?

A

only if there is atrophic vaginitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the 5 main complications of epidural anaesthesia?

A 
atonic bladder
hypotension
dural puncture
headache
back pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

in nulliparous women, how long does the second stage of labour have to continue for to be considered prolonged?

A

greater than 2 hours (no regional anaesthetic)

greater then 3 hours (with regional anaesthetic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how long should pelvic floor muscle exercises for stress or mixed urinary incontinence be performed for?

A

3 months mininum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

for ladies who want to be pregnant with bipolar affective disorder who need to remain on an anticonvulsant, what folic acid dose should be given to them pre-conception?

A

5mg folic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how many weeks post-labour does it take for the fundal height to go from umbilicus to within the pelvis?

A

2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

which is the longest stage of labour?

A

1st stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

after lifestyle changes, what is the next line therapy for over active bladder?

A

-antimuscarinic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

when does placentation occur?

A

1st 20 weeks of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what type of urinary incontinence are pelvic floor muscle exercise effective in?

A

stress

mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what antimuscarinic is the first line drug used in urgency urinary incontinence?

A

oxybutynin (immediate release)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

when do you usually diagnose placenta previa?

A

at 20 week anomaly scan (then 32/34 scan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

in vertex position, what is the presenting part of the babies head?

A

occiput

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how long does the third stage of labour usually take?

A

around 10 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

up till what week are steroids administered for preterm babies?

A

36 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

how long does the puerperium phase take?

A

6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is placental abruption?

A

separation of a normally implanted and sited placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

why does cocaine use increase chance of pre-eclampsia and cause chronic small abruptions?

A

cocaine is a vasoconstrictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

the cervix is assessed by what 5 parameters?

A 
effacement
dilatation
firmness (consistency)
position
level of presenting part
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

why does recurrent bleeding occur in placenta previa?

A

placenta doensn’t grow as much as it should to fit with the growing uterus- some of it separates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are the 2 reasons labour is painful?

A

transient myometrial hypoxia

stretching of pelvis nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what causes cervical softening?

A

increased hyaluronic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is the treatment for a dural puncture when administering an epidural?

A

hydrate mother and get a blood patch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

describe the third stage of labour?

A

from delivery of baby to expulsion of placenta and membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

how long after delivery can pregnancy-indued hypetension last?

A

6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what does green liquor indicate?

A

meconium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

is placenta previa painful?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what are the 3 types of lochia?

A 
lochia rubra (fresh red)
lochia serosa (brownish-red, watery)
lochia alba (yellow)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

in labour, what equates to the power?

A

uterine contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is the gold standard surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence?

A

low tension vaginal tape (not done in scotland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

ca women on lithium breast feed?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what is the main risk factor for placenta accreta?

A

C section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

why do mothers having a VBAC (vaginal birth after C section) have a risk of fetal distress and hypoxia?

A

contractions of uterus with scarring carries a risk of rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

why can epidurals inhibit progress in stage 2 of labour?

A

relaxation of pelvic floor- baby’s head doesnt flex and internally rotate as efficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

can women on anti-convulsants breast feed?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

the release of what from the fetus into the amnitoic fluid stimulates prostaglandin synthesis in preparation for labour?

A

pulmonary surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what is eclampsia?

A

tonic-clonic seizure occuring with features of pre-eclampsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

how can strength of uterine contractions be measured?

A

by abdominal palpation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what does primigravida mean?

A

first pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

why do mothers with induction/augmentation of labour have a risk of fetal distress and hypoxia?

A

risk of hyperstimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what is considered normal blood loss during labour?

A

<500mls during delivery

>500mls or blood before delivery is abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

how long does bladder retraining have to be done for?

A

6 weeks minimum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what is urgency?

A

the sudden compelling desire to pass urine

-fear of incontinence during these episodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what 3 key factor determine whether labour progesses?

A

Power
Passage
Passenger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

if there has been no bleeding in pregnancy with placenta praevia, when should a C section be carried out?

A

38/39 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what is mixed urinary incontinence?

A

involuntary leakage associated with urgency and also with increased abdominal pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what hormone initiats and sustains contractions of the uterus?

A

oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

in labour, what equates to the passenger?

A

fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what classes as adequate uterine contraction during labour?

A

4 contractions in 10 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what is the expectant management of the third stage of labour?

A

just wait for spontanoues delivery of the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

are anti-psychotics safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding?

A

yes (except clozapine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

how do you obtain fetal blood sampling?

A

use a fetoscope into vagina up to babies scalp and make a small incision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what is a cystocele?

A

bladder (anterior compartment) has prolapsed out of vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what hormone can we give to augment uterine contractions?

A

synthetic oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

at how many weeks should you do a planned C section for placenta accreta?

A

37 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

at what getation does BP start to increase again?

A

22-24 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

how do you measure descend of the head with abdominal palpation?

A

abdominal fifths

88
Q

what do you give to prevent respiratory depression in opiod overdose?

A

naloxone

89
Q

what is the most common cause of iatrogenic prematurity?

A

pre-eclampsia

90
Q

in what phase of labour does effacement of the cervix happen?

A

latent phase of labour

91
Q

what is the prophylaxis/treatment of eclamptic seizures?

A

IV magnesium sulphate

if persistent- consider diazepam

92
Q

when are physiological early decelerations of baesline heart rate usually seen?

A

in 2nd stage of labour

93
Q

what should you look out for when patients on SSRIs and TCAs are breastfeeding?

A

may cause sedation in babies

94
Q

what are the 5 main pain relief options in labour?

A
  • massage relaxation and aromatherapy etc
  • TENS machine
  • entonox
  • opiods (diamorphine, pethidine, remifentanyl)
  • epidural anaesthesia
95
Q

what advice should you give to women in the active 1st stage of labour?

A

encourage walking as gravity and movement helps

96
Q

what is puerperium?

A

the period of repair and recovery after childbirth

97
Q

compare the definition of bleeding in early and late pregnancy?

A

early <24 weeks

late 24 weeks or later

98
Q

what is the inital management of postpartum haemorrhage?

A 
uterine massage
IV syntocin (utero-tonic agent)
99
Q

from what gestation can pregnancy-induced hypertension occur?

A

after 20 weeks

100
Q

if the placenta previa is more than 2cm from the os what is the recommended delivery method?

A

consider vaginal delivery

101
Q

what surgical treatment for uterine prolapse can be done in patients who are not sexually active with 100% success rate?

A

colpocleisis (close vagina completely)

102
Q

from what dilation of the cervix is the active 1st phase of labour?

A

from 4cm

[latent phase up till 3cm]

103
Q

what are the 3 main functions of antimuscarinics used for an overactive bladder?

A
  • reduce pressure within bladder
  • raise volume threshold for micturation
  • reduce uninhibited contractions
104
Q

what drug should you give for patients with a major risk factor (or 2 minor risk factors) for pre-eclampsia?

A

75mg aspirin daily from week 12

105
Q

what are the biggest risk factors for uterine rupture?

A

prev C section
uterine surgery
obstructed labour

106
Q

how do you interpret a CTG?

A 
DR C BRAVADO
Determine
Risk
Contractions
Baseline
RAte
Variability
Accelerations
Decelerations
OVerall impression
107
Q

what are the 4 pieces lifestyle advice used for an overactive bladder?

A

bladder retraining
sensible fluid intake
reduce caffeine
weight reduction if BMI over 30

108
Q

what postion should the cervix be in to show advancement of labour?

A

anterior

109
Q

at what gestational age can there meconium be produced?

A

from 32 weeks

110
Q

what do braxton hicks contactions tend to resolve with?

A

ambulation or change in activity

111
Q

why may you see a reduced AFI (amnitiofic fluid index) in pre-eclampsia?

A

underperfusion of babies kidneys due to relocation of blood to head

112
Q

what is the normal fetal heart rate?

A

110-165 beats per minute

113
Q

what are the 5 main symptoms of pre-eclampsia?

A
  • headache
  • visual disturbane
  • epigastric/RUQ pain
  • nausea/vomiting
  • oedema
114
Q

why is it important to hydrate patients during labour?

A

improves efficiency and co-ordination of contractions

115
Q

how do you classify a placenta previa as major or minor?

A

anything covering cervix is major

116
Q

from what week of pregnancy can braxton hicks contractions occur? when are they usually actually felt?

A

6 weeks into pregnancy

2/3rd trimesters

117
Q

when are b3 adrenoreceptor agonists (eg mirabegron) used in the the treatment of an overactive bladder?

A

if antimuscarinics are clinically ineffective, have unacceptable side effects or are contraindicated

118
Q

what is the most suitable female pelvic shape for child birth?

A

gynaecoid pelvis

119
Q

what is the aim of bladder retraining?

A

increase bladder capacity and decrease frequency

120
Q

if we can feel the anterior fontanelle, what is the likely position of the baby?

A

occipito-posterior

121
Q

why are rates of placenta accreta increasing?

A

because of increasing C section rate

122
Q

what is nocturai?

A

waking at night to void

123
Q

how many days post-natally do baby blues occur?

A

day 3-day 10

124
Q

what is the pathogenesis of an overactive bladder?

A

detrusor instability

125
Q

why is there initially reduced BP in pregnancy?

A

pregnancy causes vasodilation

126
Q

if on cystometry, the pressure of the bladder goes up between voiding phases, what is the diagnosis?

A

overactive bladder

127
Q

for women who want to be pregnant with bipolar affective disorder who are on lithium, what drug should you change them to?

A

SSRIs (not TCAs as it can switch them to mania)

128
Q

what is cystometry?

A

measures pressure/volume relationship of bladder during filling, provocation and voiding

129
Q

what is placenta percreta?

A

when the placenta invades the serosa

130
Q

why can epidurals increase chance of needing an operative birth?

A

can inhibit progress in stage 2 of labour

131
Q

in labour, what equates to the passage?

A

maternal pelvis

132
Q

what chart is used as a representation of the progress of labour?

A

partogram

133
Q

what is cervical effacement?

A

shortening of the cervix

134
Q

what is moulding?

A

overlapping of skull bones of baby’s head

135
Q

when should you suspect failure to progress in stage 1 of labour?

A

nulliparous: <2cm dilation in 4 hours
parous: <2cm dilation in 4 hours or slowing in progress

136
Q

what is the recommended fluid intake per day?

A

24ml/kg/day

137
Q

what is expelled from the uterus during labour?

A

fetus
membranes
umbilical cord
placenta

138
Q

what is fergusons reflex?

A

a neuroendocrine reflex

-positive feedback causing sustained cycle of uterine contractions in response to pressure on cervix or vaginal walls

139
Q

what is uroflowmetry?

A

measures the volume of urine expelled from the bladder each second

140
Q

what is major post-partum haemorrhage?

A

greater than 1500ml blood loss

141
Q

what 3 signs indicate separation of the placenta?

A
  • uterus contracts, hardens and rises
  • umbilical cord lengthens
  • gush of blood
142
Q

which drug is most commonly used for treatment of hypertension in pregnancy?

A

labetalol

143
Q

what are kegels exercise?

A

exercises to strengthen your pelvic floor muscles

-reduced stress urinary incontinence

144
Q

what are the 2 stages in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia?

A
  1. abnormal placental perfusion

2. maternal syndrome

145
Q

what hormones promote prostaglandin release from decidual tissues?

A

oestrogen

oxcytocin

146
Q

how is haemostasis achieved after separation of the placenta?

A
  • tonic contraction of uterus strangulates the blood vessels

- thrombosis of torn vessel ends (hypercoaguable state of pregnancy)

147
Q

what initiates lactation?

A

placental expulsion (decrease in oestrogen and progesterone)

148
Q

what diagnoses hypertension?

A

> _ 140/90 mmHg on 2 occasions

149
Q

what is secondary post-partum haemorrhage?

A

greater than 500ml of blood loss within weeks of labour

150
Q

what is the pathogenesis of stage 1 of pre-eclampsia?

A

spiral arteries fail to lose muscle layer during trophoblastic invasion- increased pressure causing endothelial damage and toxin release

151
Q

how many mls are passed in an average void?

A

300ml

152
Q

what is the prerequisite for a forceps delivery? (in terms of how many 5th of baby is palpable on abdomen)

A

1/5th of 0/5ths

153
Q

is placental abruption painful?

A

yes, sudden onset pain

154
Q

what are the 4 main side effects of antimuscarinics?

A

dry mouth
constipation
blurred vision
somnolence

155
Q

if there has been bleeding in pregnancy with placenta praevia, when should a C section be carried out?

A

37/38 weeks

156
Q

why is there damage to fetal life in vasa praevia?

A

the blood loss is fetal not maternal

157
Q

what hormone inhibits contraction of the uterus?

A

progesterone

158
Q

where is the pacemaker for uterine contractions?

A

in the tubal ostia

159
Q

what are the 2 signs of obstruction during vaginal delivery?

A
  • caput (soft tissue bulge at head)

- moulding (overriding of the bones)

160
Q

what is the treatment of puerperal psychosis?

A

admission to specialised mother-baby unit, antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilisers, ECT

161
Q

why are hysterectomies no longer done for uterine prolapses?

A

increases risk of prolapse of vaginal vault

162
Q

what is a complete eversion prolapse?

A

all compartments have prolapsed out of vagina

163
Q

post-labour, how long does it take for the endometrium (all areas except placental site) to regenerate?

A

1 week

164
Q

what is the position of the fetus?

A

the babies position relative to the maternal pelvis

165
Q

what are the 4 types of urinary incontinence?

A

stress
urge
mixed
overflow

166
Q

compare uses of maternal uterine artery doppler to umbilical artery doppler?

A

MUAD- to predict risk of pre-eclampsia

umbilical artery doppler- to look at blood flow once patient already has pre-eclampsia

167
Q

if CTG is abnormal what should be your next step?

A

fetal blood sampling to check pH

168
Q

how do you assess cervical effacement and dilatation?

A

vaginal exam

169
Q

describe the second stage of labour?

A

from full dilatation to delivery of baby

170
Q

what does pink/red liquor indicate?

A

bleeding

171
Q

what is placenta accreta?

A

when the placenta invades the myometrium

172
Q

if over 34 weeks with absent end diastolic flow on umbilical artery doppler, what is the treatment?

A

deliver

173
Q

what is overactive bladder syndrome?

A

urgency with or without urge urinary incontinence

Wet or dry

174
Q

when might you become concerned about meconium in the liquor?

A

if it’s a pre-term baby

lots of meconium

175
Q

what is the only treatment for pre-eclampsia?

A

delivery

176
Q

why can a women have urinary incontinence with an epidural?

A

it weakens pelvic floor

177
Q

compare the contractions in the latent and active stages of the first stage of labour?

A

latent: mild and irregular
active: progressively more rhythmic and stronger

178
Q

what consistency should the cervix to show advancement of labour?

A

soft

179
Q

the change in what hormone ratio promotes the initiation of labour?

A

oestrogen/progesterone ratio

180
Q

what are late decelerations of baseline heart rate a sign of?

A

hypoxia and fetal distress

181
Q

what is urge urinary incontinence?

A

involuntary urine leakage accompanied by or immediately preceded by urgency

182
Q

what shoulder is expelled first?

A

anterior shoulder

183
Q

if the placenta previa is less than 2cm from the os, what is the recommended delivery method?

A

C section

184
Q

if we can feed the posterior fontanelle, what is the likely position of the baby?

A

occipito-anterior

185
Q

what is crowning?

A

when fetal head is at introitus of vagina

186
Q

postnatally, when does diuresis commence?

A

2/3 days

187
Q

in the active phase of the 1st stage of labour, what happens to the baby?

A

presenting part slowly descends

188
Q

when are membranes usually ruptured?

A

1st stage of labour

189
Q

what can happen if there is placental residue left in the uterus?

A

infection

haemorrhage

190
Q

what is vasa praevia?

A

when blood vessels of run across the uterus opening

191
Q

how can duloxetine (a combine serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor) treat stress urinary incontinence?

A

increases intraurethral closure pressure

192
Q

why is active management of the third stage of labour preferred?

A

lowers risk of post partum haemorrhage

193
Q

what can indicate intra-partum uterine rupture?

A

loss of contractions

194
Q

what is the main side effect of femsoft urethral devices?

A

UTIs

195
Q

the increase of production of what fetal hormone stimulates an increase in maternal estriol in preparation for labour?

A

fetal cortisol

196
Q

why may beta-3-agonists be more appropriate than anticholinergics in patients who suffer from post-voidal residuals?

A

anticholinergics cause relaxation in the voiding phase too (so residual urine volume will increase)
beta-3-agonists will not effect flow rate in voiding phase

197
Q

what is the main cause of death in pre-eclampsia?

A

pulmonary oedema

198
Q

what happens in the 1st stage of labour?

A

cervix dilation from 0-10cm

199
Q

in multiparous women, how long does the second stage of labour have to continue for to be considered prolonged?

A

greater than 1 hour (no regional anesthetic)

greater than 2 hours (with regional anaesthetic)

200
Q

what is the gold standard surgical treatment of uterine prolapse?

A

sacrocolpopexy

201
Q

why can cord prolapse cause fetal distress and hypoxia?

A

baby’s head can compress the cord

202
Q

what is remifentanil?

A

an IV opiod analgesia

203
Q

when is the usual onset of postnatal depression?

A

2-6 weeks

204
Q

what is primary post-partum haemorrhage?

A

greater than 500ml of blood loss within 24 hours of labour

205
Q

what is the most common position of the fetus?

A

left occipital anterior

206
Q

what is the reference point for measuring level of pelvic organ prolapse?

A

hymenal ring (- zero point of reference)

207
Q

what is HELLP syndrome?

A

a variant of pre-eclampsia-
haemolysis
elevated liver enzymes
low platelets

208
Q

what syndrome does administering steroids 24-48 hours before delivering a preterm baby reduce the risk of?

A

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

209
Q

which patient group is labetalol contraindicated in? what drug should be used instead?

A

asthmatics

nifedipine or hydralazine

210
Q

where in the uterus is the density of smooth muscle highest?

A

at fundus

211
Q

why do we look for ketones in urine during labour?

A

to look for and prevent dehydration

212
Q

what should be excluded before doing a speculum or vaginal exam on a pregnant lady?

A

placenta praevia

213
Q

at what blood pressure in pregnancy should you treat for hypertension?

A

> _ 150/100mmHg

214
Q

what is an atonic bladder?

A

bladder doesnt empty

215
Q

compare the shapes of anterior and posterior fontanelles?

A

anterior- diamond shape (bigger)

posterior - triangular (smaller)

216
Q

what is ‘show’?

A

when the mucous plus dislodges from teh cervix during labour

Reproduction (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions