Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproduction > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

at what lumbar vertebrae is the iliac crest?

A

L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what nerve runs along the ischial spines and is useful for anesthetising the perineum?

A

pudendal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what bony prominences are palpable on vaginal examination at 4 and 8 oclock positions?

A

ischial spines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what ligaments separate the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

sacrotuberous ligaments

sacrospinous ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does the sacrotuberous ligament run between?

A

sacrum and ischial tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the sacrospinous ligament run between?

A

sacrum and ischial spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why is there more strain on the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments in pregnancy?

A

centre of weight is shifted anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens to ligaments during pregnancy and why?

A

they relax due to relaxin hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe the course of the pudendal nerve?

A

leaves the pelvis out of the greater sciatic foramen, wraps around the sacrospinous ligament and goes back into the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what separates the false and true pelvis?

A

pelvic inlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what makes up the pelvic inlet?

A

sacral promontory
ilium
superior pubic ramus
pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what makes up the pelvic outlet?

A 
pubic symphysis
ischiopubic ramus
ischial tuberosities
sacrotuberous ligaments
coccyx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

at what level does the abdominal aorta branch into the common iliac artery?

A

L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

do the superior/inferior gluteal arteries come from the external or internal iliac arteries?

A

internal iliac artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

compare the anterior-posterior and transverse diameter of the female and male pelvis?

A

female diameters are both larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

compare the subpubic angle of the female and male pelvis?

A

females is wider

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

compare the depth of the female and male pelvic cavity?

A

females pelvic cavity is shallower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are fontanelles?

A

soft spots on the fetal skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what parts of the fetal skull allows moulding during childbirth?

A

fontanelles

sutures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what suture is between the frontal and parietal bones of the fetal skull?

A

coronal suture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what suture is between parietal bones of the fetal skull?

A

sagittal suture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what suture is between the occipital and parietal bones?

A

lambdoid suture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what outlines the vertex of the fetal skull?

A

anterior and posterior fontanelles

parietal eminences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

compare the occipitofrontal diameter to the biparietal diameter of the fetal skull?

A

occipitofrontal diameter is longer than the biparietal diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

at the pelvic inlet of a womens pelvis, which is wider- transverse diameter or AP diameter?

A

transverse diametter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

at the pelvic outlet of a womens pelvis, which is wider- transverse diameter or AP diameter?

A

AP diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the ‘station’? (a term used during childbirth)

A

the ischial spines

negative number station = superior to the ischial spines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

during delivery, should the foetal head be in flexion or extension?

A

extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

while descending through the pelvic cavity, should the foetal head be in flexion or extension?

A

flexion (chin on chest)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

visceral afferents from the superior aspect of the pelvic organs (ie touching the peritoneum) runs alongside what nerve fibres? at what levels do they enter the spinal cord?

A

sympathetic fibres

T11-L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

pain from inferior aspects of pelvic organs (ie not touching the peritoneum) runs alongside what nerve fibres? at what levels do they enter the spinal cord?

A

parasympathetic fibres

S2,3,4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what nerve supplies somatic sensory fibres to organs/structures within the perineum?

A

pudendal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the 3 methods of anesthetising the female reproductive tract?

A

spinal anaesthetic
epidural anaesthetic
pudendal nerve block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

at what levels does the spinal cord become the cauda equina?

A

L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

at what level does the subarchnoid spae end?

A

S2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

for a spinal/epidural anaesthetic procedure, at what lefvel is anaesthetic injected into?

A

L3-L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

for spinal anaesthetic, what 7 layers does the needle pass through?

A 
supraspinous liament
interspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum
epidural space (fat/veins)
dura mater
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space (CSF)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

for epidural anaesthetic, what 4 layers does the needle pass through?

A

supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum
epidural space (fat/veins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what happens to the lower limbs during spinal anaesthetic and why?

A

skin looks flushed
warm
reduced sweating
(loss of sympathetic supply)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the name of the surgical cut in the area between the vagina and the anus during delivery?

A

episiotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what fossa is an episiotomy made in?

A

ischioanal fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

how can the pouch of Douglas be drained?

A

needle aspiration through the posterior fornix of the vagina (culdocentesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the 2 ligaments of the uterus?

A
  • broad ligament

- round ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the broad ligament of the uterus actually made of?

A

double layer of peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what does the broad ligament of the uterus extend between?

A

uterus and lateral walls/floor of pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is the function of the broad ligament of the uterus?

A

helps maintain uterus in correct position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the round ligament of the uterus actually made of?

A

embryological remnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what does the round ligament of the uterus extend between?

A

lateral aspect of uterus and superficial tissue of the female perineum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what inguinal ring does the round ligament of the uterus pass through?

A

deep inguinal ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

describe the most common position of the cervix?

A

anteverted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

describe the most common position of the uterus?

A

anteflexed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

whats the difference between a retroverted and retroflexed vagina?

A

retroverted- uterus tipped posteriorly relative to axis of vagina
retroflexed-uterus tipped posteriorly relative to axis of cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what area of the cervix must be sampled in a cervical smear?

A

squamo-columnar junction (Transformation zone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is a salpingo-oophrectomy?

A

removal of uterine tube and ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what is a salpingectomy?

A

removal of uterine tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

where do ovaries develop?

A

on the posterior abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what are the 4 parts of the fornix of the vagina?

A

anterior fornix
posterior fornix
2 lateral fornices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what nerves supply the levator ani muscle?

A

nerve to levator ani muscle

pudendal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is the perineal body?

A

bundle of collagenous and elastic tissue where perineal muscles attach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what nerve supplies the perineal muscles?

A

pudendal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what glands are near the labia of the vagina and secrete fluids associated with sexual arousal?

A

bartholins glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

from what ribs does the bed of the breast extend?

A

ribs 2-6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

to what line does the lateral border of the breast extend to?

A

mid-axillary line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what spaces lies between deep fascia and the breast?

A

retromammary space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what ligaments firmly attach the breast tissue to skin?

A

suspensory ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what hormone causes lactation?

A

prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what hormone causes descent of lactating milk to areola?

A

oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what are the 5 main areas of the female breast?

A 
upper inner
lower inner
lower outer
upper outer
axillary tail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

where does greater than 75% of lymph from the breast drain to?

A

ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

describe the position of level 1 axillary lymph nodes?

A

inferior and lateral to pectoralis minor

71
Q

describe the position of level 2 axillary lymph nodes?

A

deep to pectoralis minor

72
Q

describe the position of level 3 axillary lymph nodes?

A

superior and medial to pectoralis minor

73
Q

what is the venous drainage of the breast?

A
  • internal thoracic vein

- branches of the axillary vein

74
Q

what is the blood supply to the breast?

A
  • internal thoracic artery

- branches of the axillary artery

75
Q

what three orfices makes up the trigone of the bladder?

A

2 ureteric orifice

internal urethral orifice

76
Q

what muscle mainly forms the bladder wall?

A

detrusor

77
Q

where do the testes develop?

A

posterior wall of the abdominal cavity

78
Q

what canal do the testes descend through?

A

inguinal canal

79
Q

what sac do the testes sit within the scrotum?

A

tunica vaginalis

80
Q

what is the name of excess fluid within the tunica vaginalis?

A

hydrocele

81
Q

what muscle of the testis controls temperature?

A

dartos muscle

82
Q

how long does a sperm take to develop?

A

64 days

83
Q

from the seminiferous tubules, where does the sperm then pass?

A

rete testis and then into head of epididymis

84
Q

where does the left testicular vein drain?

A

left renal vein

85
Q

where does the right testicular vein drain?

A

IVC

86
Q

what part of the urethra is within the prostate gland?

A

prostatic urethra

87
Q

what zone of the prostate do most prostate cancers arise from?

A

peripheral zone

88
Q

what part of the prostate is felt on digital rectal exam?

A

peripheral zone

89
Q

what bony feature does the root of the penis laterally attach to?

A

ischium of the pelvis

90
Q

what are the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue in the penis?

A 
corpus cavernosum (R/L)
corpus spongiosum (anteriorly)
91
Q

what is the blood supply to the penis?

A

deep arteries of the penis from branches of internal pudendal artery (from internal iliac)

92
Q

what is the blood supply to the scrotum?

A

internal pudendal artery (from internal iliac) and branches from external iliac

93
Q

what is the lymph drainage of the scrotum and most of the penis?

A

to superficial inguinal lymph nodes

94
Q

what is the lymph drainage of the testes?

A

to lumbar lymph nodes

95
Q

what is the root of the penis made of?

A 
corpus cavernosum (crura)
corpus spongiosum (bulb)
and associated muscles (bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus)
96
Q

what are langer lines?

A

lines of skin tension

97
Q

describe the layers of superficial fascia that make up the abdominal wall?

A

camper’s fascia (most external)- thick and fatty

scarpa’s fascia- thin and membranous

98
Q

what does the external oblique attach between?

A

lower ribs and

iliac crest, pubic tubercle, linea alba

99
Q

what is the linea alba?

A

midline blending of aponeuroses

100
Q

the superior serrated edge of the external oblique interdigitates with which muscle?

A

serratus anterior

101
Q

what does the internal oblique attach between?

A

lower ribs and

thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, linea alba

102
Q

what direction do transversus abdominis muscles run in?

A

transversely

103
Q

what does the transversus abdominis attach between?

A

lower ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and linea alba

104
Q

what divides the rectus abdominis?

A

tendinous intersections

105
Q

what does the linea alba run from?

A

xiiphoid process to the pubic symphysis

106
Q

what makes the rectus sheath?

A

combined aponeuroses of anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

107
Q

what is the rectus sheath muscle immediately deep to?

A

superficial fascia of the abdominal wall

108
Q

when undertaking a lower segment C section (LSCS), which rectus sheath will be cut- anterior, posterior or both?

A

only anterior rectus sheath

109
Q

below which line is there an anterior rectus sheath but not a posterior rectus sheath?

A

arcuate line

110
Q

what do 7th-11th intercosal nerves become?

A

thoracoabdominal nerves

111
Q

in addition to thoracoabdominal nerves, what 3 other nerves supply the anterolateral abdominal wall? (give their roots)

A

subcostal T12
iliohypogastric L1
ilioinguinal L1

112
Q

which plane do the nerves that supply the anterolateral abdominal wall travel in?

A

internal oblique and transversus abdominis

113
Q

what arteries supply the anterior abdominal wall?

A

superior and inferior epigastric arteries

114
Q

from what direction of the abdominal wall do the superior epigastric arteries emerge from?

A

superior aspect

115
Q

what artery are the superior epigastric arteries continuations of?

A

internal thoracic artery

116
Q

in what plane do the superior epigastric arteries travel in?

A

posterior to rectus abdominis

117
Q

from what direction of the abdominal wall do the inferior epigastric arteries emerge from?

A

inferior aspect

118
Q

what artery are the superior epigastric arteries branches of?

A

external iliac artery

119
Q

in what plane do the inferior epigastric arteries travel in?

A

posterior to rectus abdominis

120
Q

what arteries supply the lateral abdominal wall?

A

intercostal and subcostal arteries

121
Q

what arteries are the intercostal and subcostal arteries continuations of?

A

posterior intercostal arteries

122
Q

from what aspect of the abdominal wall do the intercostal and subcostal arteries emerge from?

A

lateral aspect

123
Q

what layers need to be stitched closed after a LSCS incision?

A

-uterine wall with visceral peritoneum
-anterior rectus sheath
(-fascial layer if high BMI)
-skin

124
Q

what layers need to be stitched closed after a laparotomy?

A

-peritoneum
-linea alba
(-fascial layer if high BMI)
-skin

125
Q

why is there an increased chance of wound complications with a laparotomy compared to lower segmental C section?

A

relatively bloodless so healing is not as good

126
Q

what incisions and ports are needed for and obs and gynae laparoscopy?

A

sub-umbilical incision

sometimes lateral ports are required

127
Q

when using lateral ports for an obs and gynae laparoscopy, what artery needs great care to be avoided?

A

inferior epigastric artery

128
Q

describe the position of the inferior epigastric artery relative to the deep inguinal ring?

A

medial to deep inguinal ring

129
Q

after passing medial to the deep inguinal ring, in which direction does the inferior epigastric artery pass?

A

superomedial direction

130
Q

what makes up the borders of Hesselbach’s triangle?

A 
inferior epigastric vessels (superiolaterally)
inguinal ligament (inferolaterally)
lateral border of retus abdominis (medially)
131
Q

what is the clinical significance of Hesselbach’s triangle?

A

where direct hernias protrude through the abdominal wall

132
Q

where does the uterine artery pass in relation to the ureter?

A

uterine artery passes over the ureter

133
Q

what are the 3 components of the pelvic floor?

A

pelvic diaphragm
muscles of perineal pouches
perineal membrane

134
Q

what is the deepest layer of the pelvic floor?

A

pelvic diaphragm

135
Q

what two muscle groups does the pelvic diaphragm consist of?

A

levator ani and coccygeus

136
Q

what are the 3 parts of the levator ani?

A

medial to lateral
puborectalis
pubococcygeus
iliococcygeus

137
Q

which layer of the levator ani maintains anorectal tension by acting like a sling?

A

puborectalis

138
Q

what is the function of the uterosacral ligament?

A

stops uterus sinking down

139
Q

where is the deep perineal pouch in relation to perineal membrane?

A

the perineal membrane is superficial to the deep perineal pouch

140
Q

what are the main three types of pelvis?

A

gynacoid
anthropoid
android

141
Q

what is the root of penis made of?

A

bulb (corpus spongiosum)
crura (corpus cavernosum)
associated muscles (bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus)

142
Q

why can menopause cause weakness to the pelvic floor?

A

ligaments become less fibrous

143
Q

why do prolapses occur in general?

A

failure of support for pelvic organs

144
Q

what is a vaginal prolapse?

A

herniation of urethra, bladder or rectum through vaginal wall fascia
(urethrocele, cystocele, rectocele, enterocele)

145
Q

what is a uterine prolapse?

A

descent of uterus into vagina

146
Q

how do you repair cervical/vault prolapse?

A

sacrospinous fixation

147
Q

what is done in sacrospinous fixation?

A

sutures placed in sacrospinous ligament

148
Q

what nerves can be injured in sacrospinous fixation?

A

pudendal nerve and sciatic nerve

149
Q

what separates the true pelvis from the perineum?

A

the pelvic outlet

150
Q

what membrane covers the obturator foramen?

A

obturator membrane

151
Q

arteries which supply most of the pelvis and perineum mainly come from the internal iliac artery, what 2 arteries are the exception?

A

gonadal artery

superior rectal artery

152
Q

from what level of the abdominal aorta does gonadal artery come from?

A

L2

153
Q

what artery is the superior rectal artery a continuation of?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

154
Q

from what level of the abdominal aorta does the inferior mesenteric artery come from?

A

L3

155
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the internal iliac artery? (which is visceral and which is parietal?)

A

anterior division- visceral

posterior division- parietal

156
Q

what is the name for the remnant of the umbilical artery?

A

medial umbilical ligament/

medial umbilical fold

157
Q

what did the umbilical artery run between?

A

internal iliac artery and placenta (via umbilical crd)

158
Q

in males there are superior and inferior vesical arteries, what is this replaced with in females?

A

superior vesical artery

vaginal artery

159
Q

what three arteries are part of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery?

A

Iliolubar artery
lateral sacral artery
superior gluteal artery

160
Q

what does the obturatory artery supply?

A

the medial compartment of the thigh

161
Q

what does the inferior vesical artery supply in males?

A

the prostate (which is the inferior aspect of the male bladder)

162
Q

compare the medial umbilical fold and median umbilical fold?

A

medial umbilical fold- remnant of umbilical artery

median umbilical fold (urachus)- drains fetal bladder and runs with umbilical cord

163
Q

what is contained within the lateral umbilical fold?

A

inferior epigastric vessels

164
Q

compare a direct and indirect hernia in terms of relation to inferior epigastric vessels?

A

direct- medial to inferior epigastric vessels

indirect- lateral to inferior epigastric vessels

165
Q

the internal pudendal artery terminates as which two arteries?

A

deep artery of the penis

dorsal artery of the penis (cavernous artery)

166
Q

compare where the anterior and posterior scrotal arteries branch from?

A

anterior scrotal artery is a branch from the external iliac artery
posterior scrotal artery is a branch from the internal pudendal artery (from the internal iliac artery)

167
Q

in females, the vaginal artery is a branch of what artery?

A

uterine artery

168
Q

the ovarian artery splits into what 2 branches?

A

ovarian branch

tubal branch

169
Q

what is the venous drainage of the pelvis?

A
  • mainly to internal iliac vein
  • some to hepatic portal system via superior rectal vein
  • some to itnernal vertebral venous plexus via lateral sacral vines
170
Q

when ligating the uterine artery, what structure should you be careful to preserve?

A

the ureter

171
Q

what plexus does the obturator nerve come from?

A

lumbar plexus L2,3,4

172
Q

what are the roots for the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

S2,3,4

173
Q

where does lymph from the scrotum and testes go?

A

scrotum- superficial inguinal

testes- lumbar

174
Q

where does lymph from the glans of the penis and the clitoris go?

A

deep inguinal lymph nodes

Reproduction (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions