clinical studies Flashcards
To analyze associations between risk factors and those outcomes
ANALYTICAL
Experimental drug or procedure is compared with another drug or procedure (placebo or another drug)
Controlled Trials
Useful for chronic illnesses (gradual onset, long duration)
Cross-Sectional Studies
Uses the experimental design
Clinical Trials
Prevalence studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
Types of Clinical Studies
Descriptive
Analytical
Experimental
To describe the incidence of certain outcomes over time
DESCRIPTIVE
similar to the prospective cohort study except that baseline measurements, follow-up, and outcomes all happened in the past
Retrospective Cohort Study
Historical Cohort
Only possible if there is adequate data on the risk factors and outcome
Historical Cohort
The direct comparison of two or more treatment modalities in human groups
Clinical Trials
Studies in which the investigator’s experience with a drug or treatment is described
Uncontrolled Trials
Specific outcomes are measures and compared using statistical analysis to determine significant effects
Clinical Trials
Exposure status and Disease status are measured at one point in time
Cross-Sectional Studies
No comparison with another groupww
Uncontrolled Trials
To draw conclusions about a procedure or treatment
Experimental Studies in Humans – Clinical Trials
Subjects and Researchers “blinded” to the actual exposure
Clinical Trials
Less costly than cohort studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
The clinical decision making process is based on probabilities.
Diagnostic Testing
To determine whether there is a difference between the different groups
Experimental Studies in Humans – Clinical Trials
A method of evaluating treatment
Clinical Trials
The purpose of a diagnostic test is to increase the probability of disease towards 100%.
Diagnostic Testing
Serum Hemoglobin
Anemia1
Diagnostic tests may affect treatment plans or subsequent diagnostic tests
Diagnostic Testing
The most definitive diagnostic method is referred to as the
gold standard
