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AUBF MICROSCOPIC URINE EXAMINATION > CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS > Flashcards

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term “pyuria” indicate in the context of white blood cells?

A) Decrease in urinary WBCs
B) Presence of infection or inflammation in the genitourinary system
C) Normal levels of WBCs in the urine
D) Inflammation in the respiratory system

A

B) Presence of infection or inflammation in the genitourinary system

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2
Q

What is the clinical significance of increased numbers of lymphocytes in the early stages of renal transplant rejection?

A) Indicates a healthy transplant
B) Suggests a normal immune response
C) May signify an early stage of renal transplant rejection
D) Points to a bacterial infection

A

** C) May signify an early stage of renal transplant rejection.**

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3
Q

What is the primary concern in the identification of white blood cells (WBC) in urine?

A) Differentiation of mononuclear cells and disintegrating neutrophils from round renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells.

B) Measuring the total number of white blood cells without distinguishing cell types.

C) Identifying the size of white blood cells in comparison to red blood cells.

D) Assessing the pH level of urine to determine WBC activity.

A

A) Differentiation of mononuclear cells and disintegrating neutrophils from round renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells.

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4
Q

Which of the following is the primary reason for the clinical significance of white blood cells in (RTE)?

A) Identification of epithelial cells due to their rounded shape.
B) Detection of abnormal blood glucose levels.
C) Assessment of lung function.
D) Evaluation of bone density.

A

A) Identification of epithelial cells because they are rounded cells.

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5
Q

Which technique is used to enhance nuclear detail in white blood cells for clinical significance?

A) Immunofluorescence
B) Supravital Staining
C) PCR amplification
D) Electron Microscopy

A

B) Supravital Staining

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6
Q

From which linings is an epithelial cell derived?

A) Digestive system
B) Respiratory system
C) Cardiovascular system
D) Genitourinary system

A

D) Genitourinary system

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7
Q

Which of the following characteristics best describes squamous epithelial cells?

A) Active division and regeneration
B) Cuboidal shape with microvilli
C) Irregular shape with cilia
D) Normal, sloughing off

A

D) Normal, sloughing off

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8
Q

Which type of epithelial cell is known for being the largest cells found in urine sediment?

A) Cuboidal epithelial cells
B) Columnar epithelial cells
C) Transitional epithelial cells
D) Squamous epithelial cells

A

D) Squamous epithelial cells

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9
Q

What is the point of reference for the first structure observed in the urine microscopic examination?

A) Red blood cell
B) Epithelial cell
C) White blood cell
D) Cast

A

B) Epithelial cell

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10
Q

What is the significance of squamous epithelial cells?

A) They indicate a pathological condition.
B) They are a sign of cellular regeneration.
C) They represent normal cellular sloughing and have no pathologic significance.
D) They are only found in cancerous tissues.

A

C) They represent normal cellular sloughing and have no pathologic significance.

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11
Q

What is the pathologic significance of squamous?

A) Highly significant
B) Moderately significant
C) Mildly significant
D) No pathologic significance

A

D) No pathologic significance

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12
Q

What is a characteristic feature of transitional or urothelial cells?

A) They have a fixed appearance regardless of water absorption.
B) They lack the ability to change their appearance.
C) Their appearance can change depending on the amount of water to be absorbed.
D) They are exclusively found in non-transitional tissues.

A

C) Their appearance can change depending on the amount of water to be absorbed.

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13
Q

What forms can Transitional or Urothelial cells appear in?

A) Cuboidal, Columnar, and Spherical
B) Spherical, Polyhedral, and Caudate
C) Squamous, Cuboidal, and Fusiform
D) Polyhedral, Caudate, and Columnar

A

B) Spherical, Polyhedral, and Caudate

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14
Q

What is the main reason for the differences between transitional epithelial cells and urothelial cells?

A) Increased production of mucus
B) Enhanced ability to undergo mitosis
C) Presence of specialized structures called cilia
D) Absorption of large amounts of water

A

D) Absorption of large amounts of water

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15
Q

From which structures do Transitional or Urothelial cells originate?

A) Lungs and Bronchi
B) Small Intestine and Colon
C) Renal Pelvis, Calyces, Ureters, and Bladder
D) Stomach and Esophagus

A

C) Renal Pelvis, Calyces, Ureters, and Bladder

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16
Q

What is the likely cause of an increase in the number of transitional or urothelial cells, with many seen, in a urine sample, following invasive urologic procedures such as catheterization?

A) Urinary tract infection
B) Inflammatory kidney disease
C) Invasive urologic procedure-related artifact
D) Bladder cancer

A

C) Invasive urologic procedure-related artifact

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17
Q

What is the term used to describe a large group of entities that are observed together and are increasing in numbers, commonly referred to as “Synthia”?

A) Cluster
B) Conglomerate
C) Assembly
D) Clump

A

D) Clump

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18
Q

What is the likely significance of cells showing an increase in abnormal morphology, including the presence of a vacuole and irregular nuclei?

A) Normal physiological response
B) Indicative of a benign condition
C) Suggestive of malignancy or viral infection
D) Sign of aging cells

A

C) Suggestive of malignancy or viral infection

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19
Q

What is the pathologic significance of the appearance of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTE) in groups of 3 in renal fragments?

A
  • From proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)
  • Distal convoluted tubules (DCT)
  • Collecting ducts (CD), can indicate renal tubular injury.
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20
Q

What is the pathologic significance of oval fat bodies in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTE)?

A) Normal cellular variation
B) Indicator of dehydration
C) Presence of lipid-containing RTE cells
D) Sign of increased blood glucose levels

A

C) Presence of lipid-containing RTE cells

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21
Q

What is the pathologic significance of “bubble cells” in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTE)?

A) Increased lipid accumulation in vacuoles
B) Presence of inflammatory cells in RTE
C) Non-lipid filled vacuoles indicating Acute Tubular Necrosis
D) Elevated glucose levels in RTE

A

C) Non-lipid filled vacuoles indicating Acute Tubular Necrosis

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22
Q

What is the pathological significance of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTE) being observed?

A) Increased blood flow
B) Tissue distraction or necrosis
C) Normal cellular turnover
D) Enhanced immune response

A

B) Tissue distraction or necrosis

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23
Q

What is the pathologic significance of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells (RTE) in relation to their size and shape?

A) Size and shape have no correlation with the origin of renal tubules.
B) RTE cells exhibit uniform size and shape regardless of tubule origin.
C) The size and shape of RTE cells vary based on the area of the renal tubules from which they originate.
D) RTE cells are only present in the collecting ducts and remain constant in size and shape.

A

C) The size and shape of RTE cells vary based on the area of the renal tubules from which they originate.

24
Q

In the renal system, which part is notably larger than any renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells?

A) Distal Convoluted Tubules
B) Glomerulus
C) Proximal Convoluted Tubules
D) Collecting Ducts

A

C) Proximal Convoluted Tubules

25
Q

What term is used to describe cells that are rectangular in shape and are referred to as COLUMBAR or CONVULATED CELLS, resembling a CAST?

A) Cuboidal cells
B) Spherical cells
C) Rectangular cells
D) Pyramidal cells

A

C) Rectangular cells

26
Q

What is the typical shape of the Distal Convoluted Tubules (DCT)?

A) Long and straight
B) Cuboidal or columnar
C) Irregular and branched
D) Smaller, round or oval

A

D) Smaller, round or oval

27
Q

What can distal convoluted tubules be mistaken for?

A) Red blood cells (RBC)
B) White blood cells (WBC)
C) Spherical transitional epithelial cells (EC)
D) Platelets

A

C) Spherical transitional epithelial cells (EC)

28
Q

What is the typical shape of cells in the collecting duct?

A) Round
B) Squamous
C) Cuboidal
D) Columnar

A

C) Cuboidal

29
Q

What is the term used for groups of three or more collecting ducts in the kidney?

A) Nephron clusters
B) Renal fragments
C) Tubular bundles
D) Ureteric clusters

A

B) Renal fragments

30
Q

Which type of cells are typically observed in bacterial vaginosis, covering squamous epithelial cells?

A) Cuboidal cells
B) Columnar cells
C) Garnella cocobacillus cells
D) Ciliated cells

A

C) Garnella cocobacillus cells

31
Q

Which of the following statements about bacteria in urine is accurate?

A) Bacteria are always present in urine.
B) Bacteria are never present in urine.
C) Bacteria are normally present in urine.
D) Bacteria are not normally present in urine but may be present in the case of a urinary tract infection (UTI).

A

D) Bacteria are not normally present in urine but may be present in the case of a urinary tract infection (UTI).

32
Q

Which of the following describes the shape of cocci bacteria?

A) Rod-shaped
B) Spiral-shaped
C) Spherical-shaped
D) Chain-shaped

A

C) Spherical-shaped

33
Q

What is the shape of bacilli bacteria?

A) Spherical
B) Rod-shaped
C) Spiral
D) Cuboidal

A

B) Rod-shaped

34
Q

Which group of bacteria is most frequently associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

A) Streptococci
B) Staphylococci
C) Enterobacteriaceae (G-negative rods)
D) Clostridia

A

C) Enterobacteriaceae (G-negative rods)

35
Q

In the context of a significant urinary tract infection (UTI), what should be accompanied by bacteria to indicate the severity of the infection?

A) Red blood cells (RBC)
B) White blood cells (WBC)
C) Platelets (PLT)
D) Hemoglobin (Hb)

A

B) White blood cells (WBC)

36
Q

Which of the following characteristics is associated with yeast when observed under a microscope?

A) Large refractile oval structures
B) Mycelial form
C) Resembles red blood cells (RBCs)
D) Small refractile oval structures with buds; with KOH, it will lyse, leaving only the budding yeast

A

D) Small refractile oval structures with buds; with KOH, it will lyse, leaving only the budding yeast

37
Q

What is the most common pathogenic yeast associated with conditions such as diabetes mellitus, vaginal moniliasis, and infections in immunocompromised individuals?

A

* Candida albicans.

38
Q

Which of the following parasites is most frequently encountered and sexually transmitted, often associated with vaginal inflammation?

A) Plasmodium falciparum
B) Trichomonas vaginalis
C) Giardia lamblia
D) Toxoplasma gondii

A

B) Trichomonas vaginalis

39
Q

Which of the following infections is often asymptomatic in males?

A) Lung infection
B) Stomach infection
C) Male urethra infection
D) Prostate infection

A

C) Male urethra infection

40
Q

Why should a parasite sample be processed immediately?

A) Because it will look like a white blood cell (WBC) in unpreserved form.
B) Because it will disintegrate.
C) Both A and B.
D) None of the above.

A

C) Both A and B.

41
Q

Which parasite is associated with bladder cancer and has prominent ova with a terminal spine?

A) Ascaris lumbricoides
B) Taenia solium
C) Schistosoma haematobium
D) Plasmodium falciparum

A

C) Schistosoma haematobium

42
Q

What is the most common fecal contaminant that can be seen in urine, with eggs residing in the preanal region and exhibiting a distinctive V-shaped appearance?

A) Ascaris lumbricoides
B) Giardia lamblia
C) Enterobius vermicularis
D) Taenia solium

A

C) Enterobius vermicularis

43
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the routine urinalysis (UA) of spermatozoa is accurate when analyzing a sample from a female?

A) Spermatozoa are commonly found in female urine and should be reported.
B) Spermatozoa are a routine finding in female urine but should not be reported.
C) Spermatozoa should be reported in a routine UA for both males and females.
D) Spermatozoa in female urine are exempt from reporting in routine UA.

A

D) Spermatozoa in female urine are exempt from reporting in routine UA.

44
Q

What is a significant consequence of retrograde ejaculation involving spermatozoa?

A) Increased male fertility
B) Enhanced sperm transport to the urethra
C) Retrograde ejaculation has no impact on sperm
D) Male infertility

A

D) Male infertility

45
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding spermatozoa?

A) Spermatozoa exhibit increased motility in urine.
B) Spermatozoa show no change in motility when in contact with urine.
C) Spermatozoa rarely exhibit motility in urine due to its toxicity.
D) Spermatozoa are more resilient and active in the presence of urine.

A

C) Spermatozoa rarely exhibit motility in urine due to its toxicity.

46
Q

Which of the following statements about spermatozoa is accurate?

A) Spermatozoa can be seen in female sexual intercourse.
B) Spermatozoa are only present in females.
C) Spermatozoa are produced in the ovaries.
D) Spermatozoa play no role in the process of fertilization.

A

A) Spermatozoa can be seen in female sexual intercourse.

47
Q

Which of the following methods is commonly used to obtain a spermatozoa sample for various reproductive health procedures?

A) Blood test
B) Urine analysis
C) Masturbation
D) Saliva swab

A

C) Masturbation

48
Q

Which of the following is a major constituent of mucus?

A) Hemoglobin
B) Uromodulin
C) Collagen
D) Insulin

A

B) Uromodulin

49
Q

What is the characteristic feature of mucus?

A) High refractive index
B) Thread-like structure (low refractive index)
C) Solid and rigid composition
D) Transparent and colorless appearance

A

B) Thread-like structure (low refractive index)

50
Q

What is frequently seen in FEMALES, especially if they do not wash prior to collection?

A) Blood
B) Saliva
C) Sweat
D) Mucus

A

D) Mucus

51
Q

What is unique to the kidney and found only in urine?

A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Casts
D) Glucose

A

** C) Casts**

52
Q

Which of the following terms refers to the presence of urinary casts?

A) Glycosuria
B) Cylindruria
C) Hematuria
D) Proteinuria

A

B) Cylindruria

53
Q

What factor primarily determines the width of a cast in the context of renal physiology?

A) Blood pressure
B) Tubule size
C) Glomerular filtration rate
D) Electrolyte concentration

A

B) Tubule size

54
Q

Which protein is associated with the core matrix of casts in urine?

A) Albumin
B) Uromodulin
C) Hemoglobin
D) Collagen

A

B) Uromodulin

55
Q

What is the primary process involved in the formation of crystals in the context of urine?

A) Filtration of blood
B) Metabolism of carbohydrates
C) Precipitation of urine solutes
D) Respiratory exchange

A

C) Precipitation of urine solutes

56
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of crystals?

A) Random and chaotic
B) True geometrically structured or amorphous
C) Liquid and flowing
D) Irregular and undefined

A

B) True geometrically structured or amorphous

AUBF MICROSCOPIC URINE EXAMINATION (13 decks)

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